Abstract W P342: The Effect of Risk Factors on Mortality and Length of Stay in 547 Acute Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack Patients Treated at a Los Angeles Primary Stroke Center in 2012

Author: Garland, Jennifer ; Daley, Carolyn ; Antonio, Anna ; Liu, Antonio ; Amara, Casandra

Background and Purpose: Multiple clinical risk factors are associated with increased mortality and increased length of stay in stroke patients. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of clinical risk factors [hypertension (HTN), carotid stenosis, atrial fibrillation, coronary artery disease, depression, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), hyperlipidemia, and seizure] and rt-PA (recombinant tissue plasminogen activator) treatment on length of stay (LOS) and mortality. Methods: A retrospective medical record review of all acute stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients treated in 2012 at a primary stroke center in Los Angeles was conducted. Stroke program patient lists were matched against International Classification of Disease, 9th Edition (ICD-9) codes for 434.91, 431, 430, 435, 435.8, and 435.9. Patients that appeared on both lists were included in the study.Data were analyzed using poisson regression to model the effect of rt-PA and clinical risk factors on LOS. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the effect of rt-PA treatment on mortality. Probability value <0.0001 was considered statistically significant. Results: The total sample size included 547 patients treated for ischemic, hemorrhagic stroke and TIA. Non-tPA ischemic strokes comprised 240 (43.8%) patients in the sample, ischemic strokes treated with tPA totaled 62 (11.3%), ICH patients totaled 133 (24.3%) and TIAs totaled 112 (20.4%). Receiving rt-PA is significant (p<.0001) with a higher number of days in the hospital with a mean stay of 9.03 days versus non-tPA ischemic strokes with a mean stay of 3.12 days. Receiving rt-PA was not associated with increased mortality rate; mortality rate for rt-PA receiving patients was 3%. Diabetes mellitus and HTN were both significant clinical risk factors (p<.0001) for increased LOS, while the other clinical risk factors were not. Conclusions: Presence of HTN, DM, and receiving tPA were associated with longer LOS. Receiving r-tPA was not associated with increased mortality. This study demonstrates the safety of rt-PA treatment in this ischemic stroke population and the importance of prevention and treatment of stroke risk factors such as HTN and DM.

05 Nov 2014·Proceedings of the 9th Workshop in Primary and Secondary Computing Education

Programming in the wild

Author: Giang, Michael ; Fields, Deborah A. ; Kafai, Yasmin

Most research in primary and secondary computing education has focused on understanding learners within formal classroom communities, leaving aside the growing number of promising informal online programming communities where young learners contribute, comment, and collaborate on programs. In this paper, we examined trends in computational participation in Scratch, an online community with over 1 million registered youth designers primarily 11-18 years of age. Drawing on a random sample of 5,000 youth programmers and their activities over three months in early 2012, we examined the quantity of programming concepts used in projects in relation to level of participation, gender, and account age of Scratch programmers. Latent class analyses revealed four unique groups of programmers. While there was no significant link between level of online participation, ranging from low to high, and level of programming sophistication, the exception was a small group of highly engaged users who were most likely to use more complex programming concepts. Groups who only used few of the more sophisticated programming concepts, such as Booleans, variables and operators, were identified as Scratch users new to the site and girls. In the discussion we address the challenges of analyzing young learners' programming in informal online communities and opportunities for designing more equitable computational participation.

01 Jun 2014·GeneticsQ2 · BIOLOGY

The Drosophila Werner Exonuclease Participates in an Exonuclease-Independent Response to Replication Stress

Q2 · BIOLOGY

Article

Author: Rivero, Rachel ; Marquez, Melissa ; Bolterstein, Elyse ; McVey, Mitch

AbstractMembers of the RecQ family of helicases are known for their roles in DNA repair, replication, and recombination. Mutations in the human RecQ helicases, WRN and BLM, cause Werner and Bloom syndromes, which are diseases characterized by genome instability and an increased risk of cancer. While WRN contains both a helicase and an exonuclease domain, the Drosophila melanogaster homolog, WRNexo, contains only the exonuclease domain. Therefore the Drosophila model system provides a unique opportunity to study the exonuclease functions of WRN separate from the helicase. We created a null allele of WRNexo via imprecise P-element excision. The null WRNexo mutants are not sensitive to double-strand break-inducing reagents, suggesting that the exonuclease does not play a key role in homologous recombination-mediated repair of DSBs. However, WRNexo mutant embryos have a reduced hatching frequency and larvae are sensitive to the replication fork-stalling reagent, hydroxyurea (HU), suggesting that WRNexo is important in responding to replication stress. The role of WRNexo in the HU-induced stress response is independent of Rad51. Interestingly, the hatching defect and HU sensitivity of WRNexo mutants do not occur in flies containing an exonuclease-dead copy of WRNexo, suggesting that the role of WRNexo in replication is independent of exonuclease activity. Additionally, WRNexo and Blm mutants exhibit similar sensitivity to HU and synthetic lethality in combination with mutations in structure-selective endonucleases. We propose that WRNexo and BLM interact to promote fork reversal following replication fork stalling and in their absence regressed forks are restarted through a Rad51-mediated process.

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