Author: Thomas, Jordan L. ; Zelkowitz, Rachel L. ; Liu, Jianlin ; van Zuiden, Mirjam ; Kyei, J. Joana ; Hoeboer, Chris M. ; Olff, Miranda ; Karchoud, Jeanet F. ; Witteveen, Anke B. ; Guler, Jessy ; Rønning, Line ; Piccirillo, Marilyn L.

Background: Despite known gender/sex differences in the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), potential differences in the associations among PTSD symptoms between men and women in the early post-trauma period are not well-characterized.Objective: This study utilized network analysis to assess potential differences in the associations among PTSD symptom clusters between men and women during the early post-trauma period.Method: We included n = 475 participants (57.5% self-identified women) who recently (≤2 months) experienced an interpersonal or motor vehicle potential traumatic event in the Netherlands. Past month PTSD symptoms were measured with the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and composited according to the five-node PTSD symptom cluster dysphoric arousal model. We estimated the network as well as indices of centrality (strength and predictability) and assessed the stability of the modelled networks in subsamples of men (n = 202) and women (n = 273). We compared network structures using the Network Comparison Test (NCT).Results: Results largely demonstrated adequate correlation stability for the estimated network structures for women and men. For both men and women, avoidance symptoms were among the strongest nodes with greatest predictability in the networks. In men, anxious arousal additionally showed high strength whereas re-experiencing showed high predictability. In women, re-experiencing symptoms demonstrated both high strength and predictability. The NCT demonstrated nonsignificant differences in global network structure (M = 0.08, p = .054) and strength (S = .073, p = .067). Post hoc comparisons showed an association of re-experiencing symptoms with negative alterations in cognitions and mood in men but not women (E = .038, p = .005).Conclusion: Results demonstrated possible modest gender differences in aspects of network structure although most elements of the network structure were similar across genders. These results help to characterize gender differences in associations among PTSD symptom clusters during the early post-trauma period, which may inform the potential relevance of future gender-sensitive early intervention strategies to ameliorate the risk for long-term PTSD.

01 May 2025·Global Journal of Emerging Market Economies

Regulatory Policy Uncertainty, Financial Innovations, and the Performance of Financial Institutions among Emerging Markets

Author: Abaidoo, Rexford ; Agyapong, Elvis Kwame

This study examines the impact of regulatory policy uncertainty and financial innovations on the performance of financial institutions among emerging economies from sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from 2004 to 2020. The study employs the pooled ordinary least squares (POLS) with Driscoll and Kraay’s (1998) standard errors in examining the various interactions specified in the objectives. Results from the analysis suggest that regulatory policy uncertainty negatively influences the performance of financial institutions among sampled economies in the study. Further results show that financial innovations tend to augment the performance of financial institutions, all things being equal. Again, reported findings show that effective governance alone may not be enough to negate the adverse effect of regulatory policy uncertainty on the performance of financial institutions in the subregion.JEL Classification C33, G18, G2, G28

01 Apr 2025·Journal of Environmental Management

Ghana's environmental law and waterbody protection: A critical assessment of plastic pollution regulations

Article

Author: Aboagye, John ; Donkor, Peter ; Andoh, Collins Nana

Plastic pollution poses significant environmental, economic, and health risks to waterways globally, including Ghana. The paper examines the legislative responses to plastic pollution in Ghana's rivers, lakes, and coastal areas, focusing on enhancing policy interventions across Africa and other regions with similar challenges. The paper further analyzes key legislative instruments and regulatory frameworks in terms of their evolution and effectiveness in sustainably addressing plastic waste pollution in Ghana, offering insights into how these approaches can be scaled regionally or globally. International and regional treaties such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, and the Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa and the Control of Transboundary Movement and Management of Hazardous Wastes within Africa have influenced the legislative and regulatory landscape in Ghana. The prevailing national laws, including the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1994, the Hazardous and Electronic Waste Control and Management Act of 2016, and the National Plastic Management Policy are examined to determine their level of compliance with the international and regional mechanisms. The major challenges - normative and institutional - in implementing and enforcing these laws are identified. The study advances strategic reforms for enhancing the legal and institutional framework for addressing plastic pollution and protecting waterways. It argues for the adoption of comprehensive and precise legislation, effective enforcement mechanisms, and improved waste management infrastructure, with lessons applicable to both regional and international environmental governance.

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