University of Saint Joseph, Macao

Internet Addiction (IA) among Chinese adolescents is a growing concern that is associated with considerable psychological, social, and academic problems. Although numerous past studies on IA prevalence in China have been conducted, the findings have been mixed. This meta-analysis aimed to examine the pooled IA prevalence among adolescents in China and its associated factors.

Both English (PubMed, Web of Science, PsycINFO) and Chinese (Wan Fang, CNKI) databases were systematically searched. Pooled prevalence and study heterogeneity were analyzed using the random effects model, while the factors contributing to prevalence variation were identified using subgroup and meta-regression analyses.

A total of 164 studies involving 737,384 adolescents were included in the meta-analysis. The overall pooled IA prevalence was 10.3 % (95 % CI: 9.1 %-11.7 %). In the subgroup analyses, differences in IA prevalence were significantly associated with the assessment tools (Q = 32.8, p < 0.001) and publication years (Q = 20.6, p < 0.001). In the meta-regression analyses, rural residence (β = 1.82, p = 0.030) and junior student level (β = 0.26, p = 0.002) were positively associated with the prevalence of IA, while only child status (β = -1.28, p = 0.033) was negatively associated with the prevalence of IA.

In this meta-analysis, IA among adolescents in China was common and associated with rural residence, junior student level, and only-child status. Given the detrimental impacts of IA, the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies for this population is critical.

To analyse the health hazard particles in injection. By using different analytical techniques, we have found nanoparticles within injections. Complex parenteral products are prone to particulate issues that may pose safety and quality risks. The pharmaceutical quality of powder injections (ceftriaxone sodium) regarding particle contamination was assessed. We have selected ceftriaxone sodium because it is widely used all over the world. The powder is contained within a vial made of colourless Type II glass, which is sealed with a grey bromobutyl rubber stopper and further secured with an aluminium pilfer-proof cover. Our study primarily concentrated on particulate matter in powder injectable products. Particulate contaminants include fibres, dust, glass, and silicone. The incorporation of these components into drug products primarily occurs during the manufacturing process. The findings of our analysis indicate that the majority of the injection parameters were in accordance with the specified requirements. In some brands, we found visible particles that we further evaluated by microscopy, liquid particle counters, and FTIR, and the results showed that some kinds of fibres, glass, and silica were found (60%). Invisible 10 μm particles (limit < 6000) were also observed and determined to be of specifications in some brands (14%).