Author: Alzehairi, Ahmed ; Alsumrani, Ranya ; Wali, Siraj O ; Samman, Abdulrahman ; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R ; Abdelaziz, Mohammed ; Alnouri, Loai ; Alhejaili, Faris ; Balkhyour, Mansour

Objectives Circadian dysregulation (jetlag), sleep loss (extended wakefulness), sleep deprivation (acute or chronic), fatigue (exhaustion), preexisting medical and mental conditions, and medication use can all affect the cognitive and behavioral performance of commercial aircraft pilots. This study evaluated the sleep habits of pilots and copilots flying short-haul flights in the Gulf region. Methods This cross-sectional study examined Airbus A320 pilots and copilots for one of Saudi Arabia's commercial airlines. Data such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), employment position, work experience, flight hours, and rest time were collected. Each participant completed the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) for daytime sleepiness, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and the Fatigue Severity Index (FSI). Actigraphy equipment was used to perform objective sleep evaluations. Results Twenty-four participants were included. Actigraphy showed that 66.7% had an irregular sleep pattern and that 41.7% had poor sleep efficiency. We found that 12.5% had daytime sleepiness, 33% had poor sleep quality, and 29.2% had fatigue. We found a significant negative correlation between years of experience and time in bed; however, there was no significant difference in sleep time or sleep efficiency between pilots with different levels of experience. Conclusions We found that pilots and copilots are at risk of irregular sleep patterns, poor sleep efficiency, poor sleep quality, daytime sleepiness, and fatigue. This study emphasizes the need to instigate measures to minimize these risks.

01 Nov 2022·Molecular Neurobiology

The Role of a Gut Microbial-Derived Metabolite, Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), in Neurological Disorders

Review

Author: Vichitra, Chandrasekaran ; Mahalakshmi, Arehally M ; Sakharkar, Meena Kishore ; Anand, Nikhilesh ; Shasthara, Paneyala ; Kalyan, Manjunath ; Praveenraj, Sankar Simla ; Kanna, Perumalswamy Velumani ; Tousif, Hediyal Ahmed ; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R ; Chandana, Kumar A ; Yang, Jian ; Chidambaram, Saravana Babu ; Sonali, Sharma

Trimethylamine lyases are expressed in a wide range of intestinal microbiota which metabolize dietary nutrients like choline, betaine, and L-carnitine to form trimethylamine (TMA). Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is an oxidative product of trimethylamine (TMA) catalyzed by the action of flavin monooxygenases (FMO) in the liver. Higher levels of TMAO in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been shown to contribute to the development of risk factors and actively promote the pathogenesis of metabolic, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular diseases. The investigations on the harmful effects of TMAO in the development and progression of neurodegenerative and sleep disorders are summarized in this manuscript. Clinical investigations on the role of TMAO in predicting risk factors and prognostic factors in patients with neurological disorders are also summarized. It is observed that the mechanisms underlying TMAO-mediated pathogenesis include activation of inflammatory signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κβ), NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and MAPK/JNK in the periphery and brain. Data suggests that TMAO levels increase with age-related cognitive dysfunction and also induce mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuronal senescence, and synaptic damage in the brain. Further research into the relationships between dietary food consumption and gut microbiota-dependent TMAO levels could provide novel therapeutic options for neurological illnesses.

01 Jun 2022·Sleep and Vigilance

Scientists Against War: A Plea to World Leaders for Better Governance

Author: Hoole, Samuel Ratnajeevan Herbert ; Andiappan, Sudalaikannu ; Hoffmann, Klaus ; van der Velden, Koos ; Kumar, Ramasamy Rajesh ; Guzder, Jaswant ; Riemann, Dieter ; Hobfoll, Stevan E ; Ramasubramanian, Chellamuthu ; McFarlane, Alexander C ; van der Kolk, Bessel A ; Vrdoljak, Anton ; Acuña-Castroviejo, Darío ; Kumar, Velayudhan Mohan ; Cuijpers, Pim ; de Jong, Joop T ; Murthy, Rangaswamy Srinivasa ; Trakht, Ilya ; Espie, Colin A ; Bjørkum, Alvhild Alette ; Axelsson, John ; Braakman, Mario H ; Sijbrandij, Marit ; von Cranach, Michael ; van de Put, Willem A C M ; Eyre, Harris A ; Seeman, Mary V ; Corlateanu, Alexandru ; Klosinski, Matthias ; Benítez-King, Gloria ; Poberezhets, Vitalii ; Morin, Charles M ; Chidambaram, Saravana Babu ; Grønli, Janne ; Keukens, Rob ; Salvage, Jane ; Gradisar, Michael ; Hegemann, Thomas ; Tol, Wietse A ; Heinz, Andreas ; Barbui, Corrado ; Maercker, Andreas ; Partinen, Markku ; Meira E Cruz, Miguel ; Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R ; Pandian, Namasivayam Ganesh ; Bjorvatn, Bjørn ; Agudelo, Hernán Andrés Marín ; Berk, Michael ; Knaevelsrud, Christine ; Cardinali, Dainiel P ; Bhugra, Dinesh ; de Silva, Harendra ; Golombek, Diego Andrés ; Wilhelm, Jochen ; Cutajar, JosAnn ; Mahalaksmi, Arehally Marappa ; Macy, Robert D ; Oestereich, Cornelia ; Pallesen, Ståle ; Devillé, Walter L J M ; Meudec, Marie ; Sivasubramaniam, Sudhakar ; Jordans, Mark J D

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