Apeejay Stya University

Seasonal outbreaks of infectious diseases emphasise the critical need for the development of effective vaccines to address global healthcare challenges. Vaccines traditionally evolved using live attenuated organisms, killed organisms, and inactivated toxins. Despite the progression of traditional vaccines, improvement is needed due to toxicity and partial immunogenicity chances after multiple doses. Nanotechnology-based vaccines are now overcoming the gaps in traditional vaccines by enhancing their immunogenicity and reducing levels of toxicity. Nanocarrier-based vaccines reduce dosing frequency by enabling sustained antigen release, thereby minimising the need for booster doses required in conventional vaccines to achieve long-term immunity. The surface of nanocarriers can also be modified by phagocytic cells to increase their uptake for better antigen presentation and recognition and boost antibody production. As a result of better antigen recognition, the antibody production rate of nanocarrier-based vaccines is faster than that of traditional vaccines. Nanocarriers have a distinguished variety of sizes, shapes and compositions. They can also be used for the co-delivery of antigens and adjuvants. These advantageous nanocarriers are classified into various types based on their nature, like polymeric-based, lipid, and inorganic. In the case of solid nanocarriers, they protect against the degradation of the vaccine and improve its facilitation through gut related lymphoid tissues also mucosa linked lymphoid tissue. This review discussed the evolved platform of nanotechnology in vaccine development and its advantages over traditional vaccines. This paper also includes the classification of various nanocarriers, primarily focusing on nanovaccines developed for diseases such as hepatitis, malaria, COVID-19, influenza, human immunodeficiency virus, and cancer.

The rational drug design and development of new medication requires an appropriate understanding of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anti-TB drugs. Nevertheless, the implementation and processing of drugs were not quite effective at the early stage of development that results in massive challenges in treating TB. Tuberculosis is one of the most common illnesses that kills people by attacking the parenchymal tissues of the lungs. Even the presence of anti-TB approved drugs in market suffering a failure due to evolving bacterial that possess resistant and responsible for MDR and XDR. The paradigm shift in Anti-TB medication shown by nanotechnology approach because of its distinct physio-chemical and optical properties, nanotechnology shows an emerging interdisciplinary science that offers a great chance for the prompt and accurate detection and differentiation of Mycobacteria. In this nanoscale approach, medication was encapsulated by NPs that can reduce dosing requirements. With several advantage, it is now being used as both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures since past ten years. To invade this alarming situation, this article will give shed on all the recent approaches that were made to make the Anti-TB drug more therapeutic and efficacious. It also covers government's initiative plans that were helpful in reducing the TB.

Protozoan are parasitic organisms that can cause significant diseases worldwide, such as Chagas disease, African sleeping sickness, and Leishmaniasis. In this study, we performed docking studies on type II tryparedoxin-dependent peroxidase (PDB ID: 2VUP) using a Zinc database having natural products library and FDA-approved drugs. The top compounds identified are F1762-0560, F1855-0030, FDA_339, FDA_461, tetrahydrobenzo-tetraphenoxirene, and ketoconazole. These compounds were further performed the molecular dynamics simulations studies. The docking results has suggested that top Docking Scores compounds are F17620560 (-8.6 kcal/mol), F1855-0030(-7.8 kcal/mol), FDA_339 (-7.0 kcal/mol), FDA_461 (-7.0 kcal/mol), tetrahydrobenzo-tetraphenoxirene (-7.5 kcal/mol) and, ketoconazole (-6.7 kcal/mol). The common binding affinity amino acids are SER 37, LYS 38, CYS 39, LYS 43, GLU 81 and PHE 85. The top scoring compounds (F1762-0560) has showed interactions with the target protein through hydrogen bonding and stacking interactions, particularly with SER 37, CYS 39, and LYS 43. We further investigated the stability of six ligand-TXNPx complexes over 200 ns. The results indicated good structural stability (RMSD: 0.05-0.20 nm; Rg: 1.45-1.52 nm), with F0556-0242 and F1762-0560 showing the least fluctuations. FDA_461 has the most hydrogen bonds (up to 5), while Ketoconazole was more flexible (RMSD peak: 0.25 nm). These findings suggest that F0556-0242, F1762-0560, and FDA_461 are promising candidates.