The battery of electric and hybrid vehicles with a power density of several 100KW / kg must be galvanically separated from the rest of the electrical system in case of thermal overload or a short circuit, as it may occur in an accident. In existing protecting circuits melting fuses and mechanical circuit breakers have been the choice for over current protection. Challenging new applications, have brought conventional current breaking devices to their limits. Mechanical circuit breakers and fuses are too slow to open fault currents in new high power Li-Ion battery packs. The triggering speed of a fuse depends on the current intensity and therefore the time to complete electrical isolation is undefined and not acceptable to keep the high safety standards in automotive environments. In this paper we show the newest development of fuses with pyrotechnic separating elements, so called “powerfuses”. Powerfuses are active controllable via current pulse and can switch off currents of 20 kiloamps and 1000VDC in the range of milliseconds. Various combinations of powerfuse and high volt DC relays are studied and the results are discussed.

01 Mar 2013·Journal of the European Ceramic Society

Effect of the t–m transformation morphology and stress distribution around the crack path on the measured toughness of zirconia ceramics: A case study on Ce-TZP/alumina nanocomposite

Author: Kiyotaka Yamada ; Masahiro Nawa ; Naoki Kurizoe

The t-m transformation zone and related residual stress fields around two types of crack used for toughness measurements, i.e.SEVNB (arrested crack induced by a V-notch) and IF methods (indentation crack induced by a Vickers impression), are reported for a Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃ nanocomposite, in comparison with 3Y-TZP.The fact that Ce-TZP/Al₂O₃ exhibits significant high toughness value on occasions when evaluated by the IF method was determined to be clearly linked to the presence of wide ranged three-dimensional transformation configuration and resulting substantial compressive residual stress fields.In contrast, for 3Y-TZP, transformation behaviors around the two types of crack were quite similar, which proves that 3Y-TZP shows near toughness values for both SEVNB and IF methods.

01 Nov 2012·Thin Solid Films

Formation of nanostructured donor/acceptor interfaces and their application to organic photovoltaic cells

Author: Masayuki Yahiro ; Kenji Kawano ; Chihaya Adachi ; Mao Yasumatsu ; Manabu Nakata

Organic nanostructures can enhance the device performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells, because a significantly large area of a donor/acceptor heterointerface can be preparedIn this study, the performance is improved of OPV cells composed of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/fullerene (C₆₀) by introducing a pentacene nanometer-sized grain layer into an anode/CuPc layer.The smallest featured grain sizes are as small as 100 nm, resulting in the formation of ragged heterojunctions.It is shown that power conversion efficiency is enhanced up to 20% compared with that of conventional planar heterojunctions.

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