The ability of a study to detect a dose-related effect when one exists, is called its power. Power is defined statistically as the probability of obtaining a significant result of a particular size, given the experimental conditions. It depends not only on study size and variability, but also on the size of effect it is desired to detect, the particular significance test chosen and the validity of the assumptions. Power calculations are illustrated for the t-test, normal test for proportions, and the analysis-of-variance F-test. Some suggestions for increasing the power are given.

01 Sep 1985·Calcified Tissue InternationalQ3 · MEDICINE

Effects of thionapthene 2-carboxylic acid and related compounds on bone resorption in organ culture

Q3 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: C. Alander ; L. G. Raisz ; G. A. Rodan ; C. Onkelinx

We have compared the effects of thiophene 2-carboxylic acid (TCA) and a number of sulfur- and nitrogen-containing analogs for their ability to inhibit bone resorption in organ cultures of fetal rat long bones. Four compounds,--thionaphthene-2-carboxylic acid (TNCA), dibenzo-thiophene-4-carboxylic acid, indole-2-carboxylic acid and carbazole-1-carboxylic acid--caused a dose-related inhibition of PTH-stimulated bone resorption, although TCA was ineffective in this system. TNCA at 3 X 10(-4) M or 10(-4) M was the most potent inhibitor of PTH-stimulated bone resorption and was selected for further study. TNCA also inhibited stimulation of resorption by prostaglandin E2 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. Unlike calcitonin, the effect of TNCA was persistent and did not show escape. Moreover, TNCA could inhibit resorption in bones that had previously escaped from calcitonin. TNCA did not appear to be a nonspecific toxin, since it did not decrease incorporation of [3H]thymidine or [3H]proline into fetal rat long bones. The fact that resorption in unstimulated cultures was only decreased when the control rates were high also argues against nonspecific toxicity. Moreover, this suggests that TNCA will be most effective under conditions of accelerated bone resorption when an inhibiting effect is most desirable.

01 Jul 1985·Thrombosis ResearchQ3 · MEDICINE

An evaluation of suloctidil in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in neurosurgical patients

Q3 · MEDICINE

Article

Author: M. Gent ; C. Talbot ; E. Saerens ; A.G.G. Turpie ; A.C. de Boer ; J. McNamee ; J. Hirsh ; D.J. Doyle

Suloctidil (200 mg t.i.d.) was compared with placebo in a randomized, double-blind trial to assess its value in preventing deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in high-risk neurosurgical patients, comprising 136 patients with brain or spinal tumour, head or spinal injury, or subarachnoid or intracranial hemorrhage. 125I fibrinogen leg scanning and impedance plethysmography were performed for up to 14 days to detect DVT. The two groups were also evenly balanced for DVT risk factors. Seventeen of 68 patients (25%) (95% confidence interval, 15-35%) treated with suloctidil and 12 of 68 patients (21%) (95% confidence interval, 11-32%) treated with placebo developed deep venous thrombosis. This observed difference in outcomes is not statistically significant (X2 = 1.096; p = 0.30). The estimated 95% confidence interval for the true difference in the incidence of DVT between suloctidil-treated and placebo-treated patients ranges from an 11% benefit in favour of suloctidil to an 18% benefit in favour of placebo. Major deep vein thrombosis occurred in two patients on suloctidil and three patients in the placebo group; there were no fatal pulmonary emboli during the 14-day study period, during which time four patients in each group died of non-thromboembolic complications. There was no observed difference in hemorrhagic complications. Long-term outcomes at three-months follow-up were similar between the two treatment groups. It is concluded that there is no real evidence that suloctidil (200 mg t.i.d.) is an effective regimen for the prevention of DVT in high-risk neurosurgical patients.

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