The effects of two temporal envelope expansion schemes on consonant identification performance were investigated with normal-hearing listeners. These effects were examined in the presence or absence of short-term energy fluctuations in the masker. The effects of adding a 500-ms forward fringe to the background noise was also investigated. Speech stimuli were 16 consonant–/a/ syllables. The expanded stimuli were obtained by raising their original envelope to the power k. In the first scheme, k was fixed at 2. In the second scheme, k varied from 4 to 0.3 as a function of the envelope power; the low-level parts of the envelope were therefore expanded whereas the high-level parts were compressed. As reported in many studies, identification was substantially improved by the presence of energy fluctuations in the masker. Adding the forward fringe generally degraded identification in fluctuating noise, but could improve identification in the stationary noise. Overall, expansion led to (i) poorer consonant identification when k was a constant and (ii) better consonant identification when k was varied. These effects were larger in stationary noise. This study suggests that consonant identification can be improved by a dual expansion/compression scheme. Some results obtained with hearing-impaired listeners will be presented.

01 May 2001·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Consonant recognition in noise with temporal cues. III. Effects of temporal envelope enhancement on identification thresholds

Author: Garnier, Stephane ; Apoux, Frederic ; Lorenzi, Christian

In order to test the effect of temporal envelope enhancement on speech perception, masked identification thresholds of aCa stimuli (C=p,t,k,b,d,g,f,s,ch,v,z,j) were measured in a two-interval, four-alternative forced choice procedure, using two randomly interleaved two-down/one-up, adaptive staircases. aCa stimuli were either temporally expanded or left intact. The expanded stimuli were obtained by multiplying the original signal by the original envelope at each corresponding point in time. The masker was a gated, steady speech-shaped noise. Temporal expansion was not applied to noise. Thirty normal-hearing listeners (19–28 years) and 42 hearing-impaired listeners (48–79 years) participated in this experiment. Overall, the results showed that thresholds were slightly lower when the envelope was expanded rather than left intact. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the data revealed that only one consonant was adversely affected by envelope expansion (+2 and +3 dB) in both groups. In normal-hearing listeners, a 2-, 4-, and 5-dB improvement was found for consonants f, k, and j, respectively. In hearing-impaired listeners, the results showed that identification thresholds were improved by 3.5 dB for voiced consonants. In this group, the identification thresholds of five consonants (t,b,d,g,z) were substantially lowered by expansion by 2 to 9 dB.

01 May 2000·The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Consonant recognition in noise with temporal cues: I. Effects of temporal envelope enhancement on identification performance

Author: Lorenzi, Christian ; Berthommier, Frederic ; Apoux, Frederic

This study sought to determine whether consonant identification performance in noise can be improved by applying an expansive nonlinearity to the temporal envelope of the speech stimuli. Consonants in /a-consonant-a/ context were processed through four broad bandpass filters, half-wave rectified and lowpass filtered at 500 Hz to extract the temporal envelope from each band. The envelope from each band was used to modulate a band-limited noise. In each band, the temporal envelope was either left intact or expanded by raising it to the power 1.414 or 2. Three signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) were used: −6, 0, and +6 dB. Twelve young normal-hearing listeners were tested twice in each condition, one week apart, using a forced-choice paradigm. Overall, identification performance increased with S/N and training. For each S/N and testing session, small but consistent improvements in identification performance of 2%–6% were observed when raising the envelopes to the power 1.414 or 2. Information transmission analysis performed on the aggregate confusion matrix showed that improved identification with expanded envelopes was mainly due to an increase in the reception of voicing.

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