In spite of an impressive 2,263 metric tons reported for cereal production in 2004, sustainable output has not kept pace with global population increases. By 2020, the world’s population is expected to exceed 8 billion and the projected minimum annual 1.3% output increase needed to feed the population is not likely to be met. Complicating the problem further is that the projected expansions are not expected to be distributed evenly. Among the Asian Countries, India could become the most densely populated country in the world. Although India is second to the US in arable acreage, food is already being imported. As reported by Saritha Rai in the New York Times (2006), India has imported 2.2 million tons of wheat. This has been attributed to global climate change resulting in decreases in rainfall in the arid/subhumid zones of the country. Temperature increases and significant alterations in rainfall pattern are expected to acerbate in the absence of global enforceable environmental laws designed to mitigate sustainability while doing no harm to the biosphere. Similar problems are expected to plague the Philippines and Indonesia. The world’s governments can no longer look at agricultural production statistics on a country-by-country basis as though the resolution of hunger is confined within national borders. Although the largest population increases are expected in Asia, the highest percent rise falls in Africa. The number of people is expected to multiply at an annual rate of three percent accompanied by significant demographic changes as people move from rural areas to the city, thus decreasing farm output. By 2020, Africa alone is projected to require 60 million additional metric tons from import suppliers.

01 Jan 2008·Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering ReviewsQ3 · ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Genetically Engineered Crops for Biofuel Production: Regulatory Perspectives

Q3 · ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

Review

Author: Nair, Ramesh ; Chen, Alice ; Lee, David

There are numerous challenges in realizing the potential of biofuels that many policy makers have envisioned. The technical challenges in making the production of biofuels economical and on a scale to replace a significant fraction of transportation fuel have been well described, along with the potential environmental concerns. The use of biotechnology can potentially address many of these technical challenges and environmental concerns, but brings significant regulatory hurdles that have not been discussed extensively in the scientific community. This review will give an overview of the approaches being developed to produce transgenic biofuel feedstocks, particularly cellulosic ethanol, and the regulatory process in the United States that oversees the development and commercialization of new transgenic plants. We hope to illustrate that the level of regulation for transgenic organisms is not proportional to their potential risk to human health or the environment, and that revisions to the regulatory system in the U.S. currently under consideration are necessary to streamline the process.

01 Oct 2004·PlantaQ2 · BIOLOGY

Mechanisms of arsenic hyperaccumulation in Pteris species: root As influx and translocation

Q2 · BIOLOGY

Article

Author: Jianwei W. Huang ; Michael J. Blaylock ; Leon V. Kochian ; Charissa Y. Poynton ; Mark P. Elless

Several species of fern from the Pteris genus are able to accumulate extremely high concentrations of arsenic (As) in the fronds. We have conducted short-term unidirectional As influx and translocation experiments with 73As-radiolabeled arsenate, and found that the concentration-dependent influx of arsenate into roots was significantly larger in two of these As-hyperaccumulating species, Pteris vittata (L.) and Pteris cretica cv. Mayii (L.), than in Nephrolepis exaltata (L.), a non-accumulating fern. The arsenate influx could be described by Michaelis-Menten kinetics and the kinetic parameter Km was found to be lower in the Pteris species, indicating higher affinity of the transport protein for arsenate. Quantitative analysis of kinetic parameters showed that phosphate inhibited arsenate influx in a directly competitive manner, consistent with the hypothesis that arsenate enters plant roots on a phosphate-transport protein. The significantly augmented translocation of arsenic to the shoots that was seen in these As hyperaccumulator species is proposed to be due to a combination of the increased root influx and also decreased sequestration of As in the roots, as a larger fraction of As could be extracted from roots of the Pteris species than from roots of N. exaltata. This leaves a larger pool of mobile As available for translocation to the shoot, probably predominantly as arsenite.

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