Author: Kar, Biswakanth ; Seth, Arnab ; Ghosh, Somnath ; Rai, Vineet Kumar ; Dash, Priyanka ; Parua, Pijus ; Halder, Jitu ; Jana, Koushik ; Ghosh, Goutam ; Kumar Rout, Saroj ; Debnath, Biplab ; Rath, Goutam ; Bishal, Amlan ; Das, Chandan

Background:Viral infections continue to be a major global health issue, causing over five million fatalities and millions of hospitalizations every year. Existing vaccines and commonly used antiviral drugs often exhibit significant side effects and limited efficacy. In contrast, recent studies have shown that plant extracts and their bioactive compounds possess considerable antiviral activity, along with a favourable safety profile for long-term use. These findings have spurred increased interest in the discovery and development of novel plant-derived antiviral agents.Aim:This review emphasizes the significance of plant-derived antiviral compounds and their corresponding therapeutic targets. It provides a comprehensive overview of recent research on phytochemicals with potential antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses. By consolidating current findings, this review serves as a unified and up-to-date resource on contemporary plant-based antiviral bioactive compounds used in the treatment of human viral infections.Methodology:The antiviral efficacy of selected phytoactive compounds was analysed through detailed molecular mechanism studies, supported by in vitro and/or in vivo experimental models. Key herbs were reviewed for their active compounds and antiviral activities against specific viruses like influenza, HIV, HBV, HCV, HSV SARS-CoV-2, and measles. The study also analyzed the results, comparing their mechanisms of action, such as immune modulation, inhibition of viral entry, or interference with replication, while also discussing limitations and gaps in current research.Result:Evidence from the literature suggests that the notable selectivity of herbal bioactive compounds toward viral target proteins may underlie their antiviral activity. Additionally, findings from in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies indicate that these compounds exert their effects by binding to specific host cell components, thereby protecting the host from viral infection. This review identifies and summarizes over 150 plant-derived antiviral bioactive compounds, along with their respective mechanisms of action, that have demonstrated efficacy against various selected viruses.Conclusion:Plant-derived compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and coumarins, exhibit significant antiviral potential. Given the limited number of approved antiviral drugs, cellular and molecular evidence supports herbal bioactives as promising alternatives for developing effective antiviral therapies, offering a natural and safer approach to combating viral infections.

10 Apr 2025·Central Nervous System Agents in Medicinal Chemistry

Analysis of Vit B6 in Raw Banana Peel, Phytochemical Screening, and Neuroprotective Effects

Article

Author: Kumar Rout, Saroj ; Rath, Goutam ; Kar, Biswakanth ; Kar, Durgamadhab ; Ghosh, Goutam ; Prusty, Shakti Ketan ; Kumar Rai, Vineet ; Pradhan, Priyabrata

Background:Epilepsy contributes significantly to the burden of mental illness, with an estimated 50 million cases globally. Neuroprotection with herbal bioactives is a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of temporal lobe epilepsy. Banana peel is rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds. It has the potency to protect against neuronal apoptosis primarily due to the presence of Vit B6 and flavones.Objectives:This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Hydro-Alcoholic Extracts (HAE) of banana peel, prepared at solvent ratios of 90:10, 80:20, and 70:30, focusing on their anti- apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.Methods:Neurons or neuronal cell lines were treated with HAE at 10–200 μg/mL concentrations. Apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase-3 and Bcl-2) were evaluated using ELISA, and the cleaved caspase-3/Bcl-2 ratio was calculated. Antioxidant effects were assessed via Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) and catalase activity assays, while pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were quantified. Cell viability was analyzed using the MTT assay, and IC50 values were determined for apoptosis inhibition.Results:HAE (90:10) at 100 μg/mL significantly reduced the cleaved caspase-3/Bcl-2 ratio (0.45±0.02), with an IC50 of 37.5±2.1 μg/mL, demonstrating superior anti-apoptotic activity. HAE (80:20) and HAE (70:30) exhibited IC50 values of 48.2±2.5 μg/mL and 62.7±3.0 μg/mL, respectively, indicating comparatively lower potency. Enhanced GAD (121.4±5.2 U/mg) and catalase (89.7±3.4 U/mg) activities with HAE (90:10) highlight its potent antioxidant effects. Significant reductions in pro-inflammatory markers, including TNF-α (decreased by 45.6±2.3% at 100 μg/mL), further underscore its anti-inflammatory potential. The MTT assay revealed improved cell viability, with HAE (90:10) maintaining 93.5±2.6% viability at 100 μg/mL. The superior performance of HAE (90:10) can be attributed to its optimized balance of bioactive compounds, supporting its neuroprotective properties.Conclusion:HAE (90:10) emerged as the most promising candidate for neuroprotection, demonstrating potent anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. These findings suggest its potential application in managing neurodegenerative disorders, warranting further in vivo and clinical studies.

01 Feb 2025·Current Pharmaceutical Design

Therapeutic Potential of Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies (nMAbs) against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant

Review

Author: Seth, Arnab ; Rajwar, Tushar Kanti ; Rout, Saroj Kumar ; Dash, Rasmita ; Pradhan, Deepak ; Sarangi, Manoj Kumar ; Debnath, Biplab ; Rai, Vineet Kumar ; Dash, Priyanka ; Ghosh, Somnath ; Parua, Pijus ; Kar, Biswakanth ; Halder, Jitu ; Jana, Koushik ; Ghosh, Goutam ; Das, Chandan ; Rath, Goutam

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has spurred significant endeavors to devise treatments to combat SARS-CoV-2. A limited array of small-molecule antiviral drugs, specifically monoclonal antibodies and interferon therapy, have been sanctioned to treat COVID-19. These treatments typically necessitate administration within ten days of symptom onset. There have been reported reductions in the effectiveness of these medications due to mutations in non-structural protein genes, particularly against Omicron subvariants. This underscores the pressing requirement for healthcare systems to continually monitor pathogen variability and its impact on the efficacy of prevention and treatments.Aim:This review aimed to comprehend the therapeutic benefits and recent progress of nMAbs for preventing and treating the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.Results and Discussion:Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nMAbs) provide a treatment avenue for severely affected individuals, especially those at high risk for whom vaccination is not viable. With their specific epitope affinity, they pose no significant risk of severe adverse effects. The degree of reduction in neutralization varies significantly across different monoclonal antibodies and variant combinations. For instance, Sotrovimab maintained its neutralization effectiveness against Omicron BA.1, but exhibited diminished efficacy against BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1.Conclusion:Bebtelovimab has been observed to preserve its efficacy against all subtypes of the Omicron variant. Subsequently, WKS13, mAb-39, 19n01, F61-d2 cocktail, etc., have become effective. This review has highlighted the therapeutic implications of nMAbs in SARS-CoV-2 Omicron treatment and the progress of COVID-19 drug discovery.

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