An Optimisation Technique with the Method of Construction for Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions Using Incomplete Block Designs with Some Special Types of Graphs

Author: Karthikeyan, Panjaiyan ; Pachamuthu, Manickam ; Kalaiselvi, Kolandaivelu

Introduction/Objectives:The main key input variables to this optimization technique for constructing incomplete block designs are using bipartite and spanning subgraphs through numerical examples of vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. The theory of graphs plays a significant role in mathematical sciences and engineering technologies. In addition, the graph models many relations and processes in physical, biological, social, and information systems. The construction methods using Partially Incomplete Block Designs (PBIBD) with differential equations through bipartite and spanning subgraphs that predict hot stabilized vehicle fuel consumption and emission rates for different drivers using different cars are studied in this paper. The other modelling of fuel consumption and emissions have appeared as an essential tool, which helps to develop and measure vehicle techniques and to help estimate vehicle fuel consumption and emissions. This paper aims to develop an optimization technique for the construction method for incomplete block designs LSD with PBIBD(2) through vehicle fuel consumption and emissions.Method:An incomplete block design can be constructed using LSD statistical analysis with bipartite and spanning subgraphs. First, the method for the construction of LSD using bipartite graphs. The second method for the construction of PBIBD(m) using spanning subgraphs. The two construction methods are through numerical examples of an oil company testing five mixings of petrol for fuel efficiency and emission according to the variability of five drivers and five models of cars.Result:The inference of the first model of PBIBD(2) using LSD F-value of 0.08 implies the model is not significant (P-values greater than 0.05). The second model has no significant difference between petrol fuel efficiency and emissions. In the third model, there is no significant difference in fuel efficiency between different cars of petrol bunks.Conclusion:Finally, it is concluded that the response variable is represented above the maximum quality scores from our fourth driver using a second car to the fourth petrol bunk in fuel efficiency.

01 Aug 2025·Materials Chemistry and Physics

Hierarchical nanoengineered NiCo LDH@α-Fe2O3 heterostructures for optimised electrochemical capacitive performance

Author: Parasuraman, Balaji ; Matheswaran, Priyadharshini ; Rangaraju, Hariprasath ; Thangavelu, Pazhanivel ; Shanmugaraj, Krishnamoorthy ; Govindasamy, Mani

High necessity of designing high performance energy storage device with better class of materials having high specific energy and specific power have gained much attention due to its peak demand.Herein, a hybrid composite containing NiCo layered double hydroxide with hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) was prepared in single pot solvothermal technique. α-Fe₂O₃ was combined with NiCo LDH to alter its interlayer spacing, and increase electro active sites for better charge transfer kinetics.Such designed nanoarchitectonics have been employed as a cathode material for supercapacitors.The electrode tested in half-cell configuaration has outsmarted other pristine materials with a high specific capacitance of 1811 F/g at 1 A/g and better cyclic stability (82 % after 5000 cycles).In addition, a hybrid device was fabricated using NiCo LDH/α-Fe₂O₃(2:1) and CAC as cathode and anode has displayed a high specific energy of 63.64 Wh/Kg at a specific power of 749 W/kg with good cyclic efficiency of 85 % after 10000 cycles.The obtained results proposes that the optimized NiCo LDH/α-Fe₂O₃ based composite as a potential candidate for electrode materials in supercapacitors.

01 Aug 2025·Inorganica Chimica Acta

Copper(I) hydrazonate complexes as efficient catalysts for synthesizing substituted pyrimidines via acceptorless dehydrogenative coupling of amidine and alcohols

Author: Shanmugam, Sandhiya ; Viswanathamurthi, Periasamy ; Jayakumar, Megapriya ; Radhakrishna, Krishnapriya ; Malecki, Jan Grzegorz

Cu(I) complexes (1-3) containing NN bidentate hydrazone ligands have been formulated and confirmed by spectroscopic and anal. methods such as electron spray mass spectrometry, NMR, and Fourier transform IR.With the help of single crystal XRD investigation, a distorted tetrahedral architecture around the copper ion for the complexes has been confirmed (complex 1).The reported compounds have proven to be an excellent catalyst in the one-pot multicomponent dehydrogenative coupling of primary and secondary alcs. with amidines at 110 °C in an argon environment resulting in the formation of 2,4,6 tri substituted pyrimidines.With water and hydrogen as the byproduct, the current catalytic method provides maximum yields of upto 92 % when using a 2 mol% catalyst loading.This approach has several noteworthy advantages, including good functional group tolerance, high atom efficiency, and ease of operation.

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