Islands and coastal regions worldwide are increasingly turning to seawater desalination for fresh water supply.For example, Tampa, Florida, has a facility just entering production and San Diego, California, and Texas are considering the same.While much of this desalination relies on membrane processes, sites where elec. power is steam-generated are uniquely suited to distillation processes.For ∼50 yr, the US Virgin Islands (USVI) have relied on desalination for much or most of their fresh water needs.In the past 5 years, total trihalomethanes approached maximum contaminant levels on 1 island and the USVI Water and Power Authority of the initiated studies to address the problem, elucidate sources and causes, and reduce concentrations of these compounds in the distribution system.

Proceedings - Water Quality Technology Conference

TTHMs in desalinated seawater: experience in the US Virgin Islands

Author: Ramirez, Remy-Martin ; Mark, Harold ; Minnigh, H. A. ; Knudsen, Annelise ; Scotland, Shawn

Water-poor coastal regions of the world are turning increasingly to desalination of seawater for supply.Tampa, FL, has a plant under construction and San Diego, CA, one under consideration.The State of Texas is evaluating a large-scale desalination demonstration project for several sites along its Gulf Coast.While much of this desalination relies on membrane processes sites where elec. power is generated using steam are uniquely, suited to distillation processes.The Water and Power Authority of the USVI (WAPA) has operated hypobaric distillation desalination plants on the 3 major islands for over 10 yr.The 2 major plants each provide potable water for populations of ∼50,000 persons.In the last 2 yr one of the islands experienced a sudden increase in TTHMs at the long-residence-time site (LRT).This increase was roughly concomitant with changes in passivation for corrosion control in the distribution system and a number of other changes, including several in disinfection practices.Unlike most THMs in most systems, those in the WAPA system were 50-70% bromoform, with ≤90% brominated species.Efforts of the Authority to address the problem are reviewed and the possible contribution of electrolytic generation of mixed-oxidant disinfectants is discussed, along with a review of the possibility of passivation chem. addition contributing to the problem.A factor most likely to affect isolated systems subject to severe interruptions in production, such as can result from hurricane damage, is the large amount of finished-water storage required against such interruptions.It was found that several factors contributed to the problem, including automatic disinfectant rate control, operation of storage facilities, instantaneous water supply demand changes and possibly application of mixed-oxidants generated on-site.For each contributing factor the corrective actions taken by the Authority and their results are presented.At this point, only a single, under-utilized part of the system does not comply with DBPR Stage 2 requirements and proposed corrective action for this area is also presented.

Empowering the overlooked: providing decision-making skills and tools for small potable water systems in Puerto Rico

Author: Campos, Juan ; Minnigh, H. A. ; Torres, Josefa ; Ramirez Toro, Graciela I. ; Rivera, Ricardo

Just as on the mainland, public water systems in Puerto Rico are subject to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) administered by US EPA and the local primacy agency.Puerto Rico has an island-wide authority (PRASA).PRASA is charged by the laws of Puerto Rico with providing water and sewer service to all citizens.Not surprisingly, this is not phys. possible and many small, privately owned community water supplies exist throughout the island and most do not meet min. requirements for safe potable water treatment.Over the past 12 years RCAP Solutions, CDR and UIPR have worked to implement the primacy agency's Capacity Development Strategy, to help these communities recognize their need to ensure the quality of the water they provide and the efficacy of existing regulations in doing this.Economics and education are not the only bars to compliance - the community organization or structure can keep the community from addressing compliance issues.Recognition of these facts produced a number of initiatives over the last 10 years to try to reach these systems.Those outreach efforts are often mistaken for strategies and involved, mainly, system operators or infrastructure improvements.In many instances these activities were limited to providing tech. assistance.These were, in turn, confused with capacity development; unfortunately, providing a plan for a community does not ensure that the community can plan, or even implement the plan provided.

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