PURPOSE OF REVIEWAir pollution has been raised as a novel risk factor for osteoporosis, which impose a huge burden on both individuals and society. Thus, summarizing and discussing previous results on the association between ambient air pollution and osteoporosis can be informative in synthesizing the current evidence and improving relevant action plans.RECENT FINDINGSRecent studies reported that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis and related outcomes; however, the studied populations, air pollutants, areas, and results on high-risk populations are heterogeneous. Among air pollutants, long-term exposure to PM_2.5 showed an association with osteoporosis or osteoporosis-related fracture in general. Recent scientific evidence indicates that ambient air pollution is a potential risk factor for osteoporosis and related outcomes. Further research is warranted on how air pollution impacts these outcomes including for high-risk populations with consistent effect modifiers, and analytic methodologies.

01 Jun 2025·Social Science & Medicine

Rural-urban migration dynamics and double burden of malnutrition among women across 29 low and middle income countries

Article

Author: Subramanian, S V ; Kim, Rockli ; Kim, Jinseo ; Lee, Hwa-Young ; Choe, Seung-Ah

The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a significant public health issue in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), resulting from complex socioeconomic, demographic and nutrition transitions. This study examined the association between internal migration and DBM among women across LMICs, focusing on direction, recency, and age at migration. Using the latest Demographic and Health Survey (2010-2023), data on body mass index, migration status, and covariates were extracted from 232,449 women aged 15-49 years in 29 countries. Migration status was categorised as urban non-migrants, rural non-migrants, urban-to-rural, or rural-to-urban based on prior and current residences. Recency and age at migration were categorised as recent/non-recent (within the last five years or earlier) and childhood/adulthood (before or after age 19). Multinomial multivariable logistic regressions were used to estimate odds ratio for each migrant groups relative to urban and rural non-migrants, respectively. Further analyses examined the association between DBM and recency, and age at migration, among migrants. Overall, 32.1 % of women were overweight/obese while 9.7 % were underweight. Urban-to-rural migrants accounted for 9.5 % of the sample, and rural-to-urban migrants constituted 7.0 %. Rural-to-urban migrants had 21.0 % higher odds of being overweight/obese (95 % CI: 1.15-1.29) compared to rural non-migrants. Urban-to-rural migrants showed 9.0 % lower odds of being underweight (95 % CI: 0.85-0.99) compared to urban non-migrants. Among migrants, recency of migration and age at migration were found to be significantly associated with DBM. This study emphasises the need for targeted public health strategies to enhance immediate and distal determinants of DBM in urban and rural settings in LMICs.

01 May 2025·Child Abuse & Neglect

Co-occurrence of maternal intimate partner violence and violent discipline and its associations with child morbidity in the Philippines

Article

Author: Bhatia, Amiya ; Puno-Balagosa, Abigail ; Jeong, Joshua ; Kim, Rockli

BACKGROUNDViolence against women and children is a global issue with profound impacts on health and well-being. Intimate partner violence (IPV) and violent discipline often coexist within households, yet the impact of their co-occurrence on child health remains understudied, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) like the Philippines.OBJECTIVEThis study sought to assess the independent and joint associations of IPV and violent discipline within households on child morbidity outcomes.METHODSUsing data from 6414 mother-child pairs from the 2022 Philippine National Demographic and Health Survey, logistic regression models were used to analyze the independent and joint associations between past-year maternal IPV, past-month violent child discipline and child morbidity (acute respiratory infection (ARI), fever and diarrhea in the past two weeks). Stratified analyses were performed by household wealth.RESULTSAbout 16 % of the mothers experienced IPV in the past year, 62 % of children experienced violent discipline in the past month, and 12 % of families experienced both. In the two weeks preceding the survey, fever was the most prevalent symptom of child illness (10.5 %), followed by diarrhea (5.8 %) and ARI (1.3 %). IPV and violent discipline were independently associated with increased risks of ARI, fever, and diarrhea in children under five. Their co-occurrence further heightened the risk of child morbidity (ARI aOR: 3.5, 95 % CI 1.7-7.1, fever aOR: 2.5, 95 % CI: 1.8-3.3, and diarrhea aOR: 2.5, 95 % CI 1.8-3.5), and these associations were consistent between poor and wealthy households.CONCLUSIONSThese findings call for comprehensive interventions, such as parenting and community-based programs that aim to address family violence, including IPV and violent discipline, to mitigate impacts on child health in LMICs.

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