GALM

Last update 08 May 2025

Basic Info

Synonyms

Aldose 1-epimerase, galactose mutarotase, GALM

Introduction

Mutarotase that catalyzes the interconversion of beta-D-galactose and alpha-D-galactose during galactose metabolism (PubMed:12753898). Beta-D-galactose is metabolized in the liver into glucose 1-phosphate, the primary metabolic fuel, by the action of four enzymes that constitute the Leloir pathway: GALM, GALK1 (galactokinase), GALT (galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase) and GALE (UDP-galactose-4'-epimerase) (PubMed:30451973). Involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium between the beta- and alpha-anomers of galactose, therefore ensuring a sufficient supply of the alpha-anomer for GALK1 (PubMed:12753898). Also active on D-glucose although shows a preference for galactose over glucose (PubMed:12753898).

100 Clinical Results associated with GALM

100 Translational Medicine associated with GALM

0 Patents (Medical) associated with GALM

123

Literatures (Medical) associated with GALM

20 Mar 2025·Journal of Bacteriology

Rho-dependent termination and RNase E-mediated cleavage: dual pathways for RNA 3′ end processing in polycistronic mRNA

Article

Author: Jeon, Heung Jin ; N, Monford Paul Abishek ; Wang, Xun ; Lim, Heon M.

ABSTRACT “Pre-full-length” transcripts are produced at the end of the polycistronic galactose ( gal ) operon, 5′ galE-galT-galK-galM 3′ , via Rho-dependent transcription termination (RDT) and -independent transcription termination. The 3′ end of the full-length galETKM mRNA is acquired by exonucleolytic processing of the 3′-OH ends of the pre-full-length transcripts. However, the gal operon produces an mRNA termed galE whose 3′ end forms approximately 120 nucleotides downstream of the galE stop codon, within the subsequent gene, galT , thereby establishing polarity in gene expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular processes that generate the 3′ end of galE mRNA. We discovered that the 3′ ends of pre-galE mRNA are produced in the middle of galT as a result of the combination of two separate molecular processes—one previously reported as RDT and the other as unreported RNase E-mediated transcript cleavage. The 3′ ends of pre- galE mRNA undergo exonucleolytic processing to the 3′ end of galE mRNA observed in vivo . A hairpin structure containing an 8 bp stem and a 4-nucleotide loop, located 5–10 nucleotides upstream of the 3′ ends of galE mRNA, blocks exoribonuclease digestion and renders transcript stability. These findings demonstrate that RNase E—contrary to its general role in mRNA degradation—produces RNA 3′ ends that regulate polarity in gene expression. IMPORTANCE This study reports the findings of two molecular mechanisms that generate the 3′ ends of pre- galE mRNA in the gal operon, viz., Rho-dependent transcription termination and RNase E-mediated cleavage. These 3′ ends are subsequently processed to produce stable galE mRNA with a hairpin structure that prevents exoribonuclease degradation. This mechanism establishes gene expression polarity by generating the 3′ end of galE mRNA within galT in contrast to the usual mRNA degradation role of RNase E. The study reveals a unique role of RNase E in mRNA processing and stability.

01 Jan 2025·Current Research in Food Science

Multi-omics analysis reveals the mechanism for galactose metabolism in mutant Streptococcus thermophilus IMAU20551Y

Article

Author: Hu, Haimin ; Tai, Jiahui ; Liu, Jinhui ; Dan, Tong ; Lu, Wenhui

Streptococcus thermophilus (S. thermophilus) is a species widely used in the dairy industry to accelerate the acidification rate and improve the texture and flavour characteristics of dairy products. However, most S. thermophilus have galactose-negative (Gal^-) phenotypes, which can lead to accumulation of free galactose in fermented dairy products. In a previous study, a mutant of S. thermophilus IMAU20551Y was obtained by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG) mutagenesis in which key enzymes related to galactose metabolism were significantly changed compared with the wild type. β-galactosidase and galactokinase activity were higher in the mutant while glucokinase and pyruvate kinase activities were significantly decreased compared with the wild type. In this study, the ability of the mutant to metabolize galactose was verified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the mechanism for enhanced galactose metabolism elucidated by multi-omics analysis. HPLC analysis showed that accumulation of galactose in milk fermented by mutant S. thermophilus IMAU20551Y was reduced by 41.4%, compared with the wild type. Although no mutations in gene sequences associated with galactose metabolism were detected by genome sequencing, transcriptomic data showed up-regulation in expression of galM, galK, galT, galE (associated with the Leloir pathway) and LacI family transcriptional regulator GalR, resulting in enhanced galactose metabolism in the mutant. This study provides a reference for genetic engineering modification of galactose-positive (Gal⁺) S. thermophilus, which is expected to be used as a starter for the production of low galactose fermented dairy products.

01 Dec 2024·Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

Natural products and long noncoding RNA signatures in gallbladder cancer: a review focuses on pathogenesis, diagnosis, and drug resistance

Review

Author: Radwan, Abdullah F ; Doghish, Ahmed S ; Mohammed, Osama A ; Hatawsh, Abdulrahman ; Elfar, Nourhan ; Abdel-Reheim, Mustafa Ahmed ; Elimam, Hanan ; Abd-Elmawla, Mai A ; Moussa, Rewan ; Zaki, Mohamed Bakr ; Alhamshry, Nora A A ; Elkashlan, Akram M

Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive and lethal malignancy with a poor prognosis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and natural products have emerged as key orchestrators of cancer pathogenesis through widespread dysregulation across GBC transcriptomes. Functional studies have revealed that lncRNAs interact with oncoproteins and tumor suppressors to control proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, stemness, and drug resistance. Curcumin, baicalein, oleanolic acid, shikonin, oxymatrine, arctigenin, liensinine, fangchinoline, and dioscin are a few examples of natural compounds that have demonstrated promising anticancer activities against GBC through the regulation of important signaling pathways. The lncRNAs, i.e., SNHG6, Linc00261, GALM, OIP5-AS1, FOXD2-AS1, MINCR, DGCR5, MEG3, GATA6-AS, TUG1, and DILC, are key players in regulating the aforementioned processes. For example, the lncRNAs FOXD2-AS1, DILC, and HOTAIR activate oncogenes such as DNMT1, Wnt/β-catenin, BMI1, and c-Myc, whereas MEG3 and GATA6-AS suppress the tumor proteins NF-κB, EZH2, and miR-421. Clinically, specific lncRNAs can serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers based on overexpression correlating with advanced TNM stage, metastasis, chemoresistance, and poor survival. Therapeutically, targeting aberrant lncRNAs with siRNA or antisense oligos disrupts their oncogenic signaling and inhibits GBC progression. Overall, dysfunctional lncRNA regulatory circuits offer multiple avenues for precision medicine approaches to improve early GBC detection and overcome this deadly cancer. They have the potential to serve as novel biomarkers as they are detectable in bodily fluids and tissues. These findings enhance gallbladder treatments, mitigating resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy.

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GALM

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