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Researchers have discovered a previously unknown ability of a group of immune system cells, known as Atypical B cells (ABCs), to fight infectious diseases such as malaria. The scientists say ABCs could also be key to developing new treatments for chronic autoimmune conditions such as lupus. Researchers from The Australian National University (ANU) have discovered a previously unknown ability of a group of immune system cells, known as Atypical B cells (ABCs), to fight infectious diseases such as malaria. The discovery provides new insight into how the immune system fights infections and brings scientists a step closer to harnessing the body's natural defences to combat malaria. The scientists say ABCs could also be key to developing new treatments for chronic autoimmune conditions such as lupus. According to the researchers, ABCs have long been associated with malaria, as malaria patients have more of these cells in their system compared to the general population. "In this study, we wanted to understand the mechanisms that drive the creation of ABCs in the immune system, but also find out whether these cells are good or bad for us when it comes to fighting infection," lead author Dr Xin Gao, from ANU, said. "Although ABCs are known to contribute to chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmunity, we've discovered a previously unknown ability of these cells to fight disease. In this sense, ABCs are like a double-edged sword. "Contrary to past belief, ABCs are not junk cells; they are more important than we thought. "Our research found that ABCs are also instrumental in developing T follicular helper cells. These helper cells generate powerful antibodies that help the body fight malaria parasites. "Antibodies can block parasites in the blood as they travel from the site of the infectious mosquito bite to the liver, where the infection is first established." In 2022, malaria killed more than 600,000 people worldwide. Although the disease is preventable and curable, scientists face an uphill battle to find long-lasting treatments as malaria parasites continue to find new ways to build resistance to current therapies. Using gene-editing technology on mice, the ANU researchers discovered a gene called Zeb2 is crucial to the production of ABCs. "We found that manipulating the Zeb2 gene disrupted the creation of ABCs in the immune system," study co-author Professor Ian Cockburn, from The ANU John Curtin School of Medical Research, said. "Importantly, we found that mice without the Zeb2 gene were unable to control malaria infection. "Therefore, the findings show that ABCs play a crucial role in fighting malaria infections." The researchers say targeting ABCs could also pave the way for new treatments for certain autoimmune diseases such as lupus. "ABCs also appear in large numbers in many autoimmune diseases, including lupus, which can be life-threating in severe cases," Professor Cockburn said. "By developing a better understanding of the role of ABCs in the immune system and the cells' role in fighting disease, it could bring us a step closer to one day developing new and more effective therapies." The research is published in Science Immunology.

Studying a deadly type of breast cancer called triple negative, scientists say they have identified key molecular differences between cancer cells that cling to an initial tumor and those that venture off to form distant tumors. Studying a deadly type of breast cancer called triple negative, Johns Hopkins Medicine scientists say they have identified key molecular differences between cancer cells that cling to an initial tumor and those that venture off to form distant tumors. The research, using mouse models and human tissues, could pave the way for developing new treatments that target such molecular variations. A report on the findings is published Aug. 3 in Science Translational Medicine. "We have long needed new treatment targets and options for triple negative breast cancers," says Andrew Ewald, Ph.D., the Virginia DeAcetis Professor in Basic Science Research and Director, Department of Cell Biology at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and co-leader of the Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Program at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center. "These cancers often return within three years of diagnosis, and treatments used for other breast cancers don't typically work for triple negative." An estimated 10%-20% of the 280,000 breast cancers diagnosed in the U.S. each year are triple negative, and the rate is higher among African American women, who are twice as likely as others to experience this form of the disease. The lethal nature of this type of cancer is marked by the fact that its cells lack molecular flags on its surface that connect with the hormones estrogen and progesterone and a cancer growth-promoting protein called Her2-neu. Many current breast cancer therapies work by targeting those flags, rendering them of little use to those with triple negative tumors. For the current study, the research team looked at molecular differences between initial, or primary, triple-negative breast cancer sites and areas where it spread, or metastatic sites, among three different types of cells: mouse models, human cancers implanted into mice and samples of both primary and metastatic tissues taken from eight patients treated at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. The researchers used a combination of machine learning, cellular imaging, and biochemical analysis to identify differences in the genetic expression patters of initial and metastatic tumors. "The bad news from our study is that cells from metastatic sites are super optimized for migration and resisting treatment," says Ewald. "The good news is that we identified several proteins called transcription factors that these cells require to handle the challenges of migrating and thriving at metastatic sites, and we may be able to design new therapies that target these transcription factors." More specifically, Ewald and Johns Hopkins postdoctoral fellow Eloïse Grasset, Ph.D., and others on the research team found several unique properties in the cells of mice engineered to have the mouse-version of triple negative breast cancers, and mice implanted with tumors from people with triple negative breast cancer. The scientists found that when triple negative breast cancer cells invade other tissues on their way to another part of the body, they gain two cellular properties: better movement and survival. To do this, breast cancer cells gain a cellular skeleton protein dubbed vimentin, which enhances the migratory ability of so-called mesenchymal cells, a cell type typically found in bones and bone marrow that moves around and makes new cells. Triple negative breast cancer cells also gain survival advantages by producing a protein called E-cadherin, typically found in epithelial cells that line the ducts and coverings of organs and frequently renew themselves. When triple negative breast cancer cells gain such survival and migratory qualities, scientists classify their cellular state as so-called hybrid epithelial mesenchymal (EMT) cells. To look more closely at molecules involved in hybrid EMT states, the scientists sought the help of Elana Fertig, Ph.D., division director and associate director of quantitative sciences and co-director of the Convergence Institute at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, to track the molecular patterns of individual cells in cell assays that model invasion out of the primary tumor and formation of a colony in a metastatic site. Fertig's computational team used machine learning techniques to find patterns among each cell's expression of RNA, a cousin of DNA involved in protein production. The scientists found that most of the metastatic cells morph into the more mobile, better surviving, hybrid EMT state. Ewald's team then validated these states in samples from eight patients with triple negative tumors, examining both primary tumors and tissues from metastatic sites of the same patients. At the molecular level, the most metastatic cells produced five proteins called transcription factors (Grhl2, Foxc2, Zeb1, Zeb2 and Ovol1) that foster the making of proteins involved in either cancer cell invasion or colony formation. "The molecular differences between metastatic and primary tumors are likely the reason why metastatic tumor cells are so resistant to current treatments," says Ewald. His team is studying ways to block the transcription factors' genes or their resulting proteins to halt metastatic cancer growth as well as whether the same molecular and cellular changes happen in other cancers, such as those in the colon, adrenal glands, stomach, and small intestine. Other Johns Hopkins researchers who contributed to the study include Matthew Dunworth,Gaurav Sharma, Melanie Loth, Joseph Tandurella, Ashley Cimino-Mathews, Melissa Gentz, Sydney Bracht and Meagan Haynes. The research was supported by the Breast Cancer Research Foundation, the Twisted Pink Foundation, Hope Scarves, the Jayne Koskinas Ted Giovanis Foundation, the Cindy Rosencrans Fund for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Research and the National Institutes of Health's National Cancer Institute (U01CA217846, U54CA268083, 3P30CA006973, U01CA212007, U01CA253403).