CD206 x Tubulin

In order to better understand the immune response of Procambarus clarkii to Aeromonas hydrophila injection, the transcriptome data of the gill tissue of P. clarkii were compared and analyzed. 1008 significant DEGs were identified in A. hydrophila infected and PBS control groups, including 411 up-regulated genes and 597 down-regulated genes. Endocytosis, phagocyte and lysosome were the most clustered pathways of DEGs in KEGG database. RNA-Seq results were validated through the verification of immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs), whose expression levels were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). With the increase of treatment time of A. hydrophila, the total protein in gill of the treatment group showed a trend of increasing first, then decreasing and then increasing and decreasing. ACP and AKP both show a trend of rising first, then falling and then rising. The results of comprehensive research showed that crayfish infected with A. hydrophila caused damage to gill tissue, and the related immune genes were up-regulated and the immune mechanism was operated to protect the body from A. hydrophila. The differential gene MRC1 was screened through the transcriptome, and to further understand its impact, it was disrupted by RNAi technology, which showed a significant down-regulation of immune genes (TAB2, TLR3, ALF6, Lyso3, clotting factor G beta subunit-like and coagulation factor X-like) as well as genes downstream of the pathway (AP4E1, ARSB and TUBA1A). This study provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the immune adaptability of aquatic animals under bacterial infection.

Neuroinflammation-mediated secondary injury following spinal cord injury (SCI) significantly exacerbates neuronal damage and impedes neurofunctional recovery. Hyaluronan-bisphosphonate (HA-BP) conjugates have emerged as a promising therapeutic agent with selective anti-inflammatory properties in bone and cartilage disorders, yet its potential in SCI remains unexplored. In this study, we highlight the unique role of HA-BP conjugates in modulating neuroinflammation. Our results show that HA-BP conjugates effectively reduce LPS-induced pro-inflammatory activation of microglia and macrophages. Additionally, we developed an HA-BP-based macromolecular hydrogel via metal-ligand coordination, serving as a platform for therapeutic gas delivery. Cellular and animal studies demonstrated that HA-BP-based hydrogels without gas-releasing properties could suppress pro-inflammatory responses, while HA-BP hydrogels with gas-releasing capabilities not only further reduced reduced pro-inflammatory marker (iNOS) but also enhanced anti-inflammatory marker (CD206) expression. In a rat SCI model, the gas-releasing HA-BP hydrogel significantly reduced glial scar formation, promoted regeneration and survival of neurofilament- and class III β-tubulin-positive neurons, and improved motor functional recovery. This study underscores the therapeutic potential of HA-BP conjugates in neuroimmunomodulation, introducing a new application of HA-BP as both an anti-inflammatory agent and a gas-delivery platform for SCI treatment.

Exosomes function as cell signaling carriers and have drawn much attention to the cell-free treatments of regenerative medicine. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived (MSC-derived) exosomes in animal models of spinal cord injuries (SCI).

A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science to attain related articles published by January 31, 2023. The eligible keywords were correlated with the spinal cord injury and MSC-derived exosomes. The evaluated outcomes were locomotion, cavity size, cell apoptosis, inflammation, neuro-regeneration, and microglia activation. A standardized mean difference was calculated for each sample and a pooled effect size was reported.

65 papers fully met the inclusion criteria. Treatment with MSC-derived exosomes ultimately improved locomotion and shrunk cavity size (p<0.0001). The administration of MSC-derived exosomes enhanced the expression of beta-tubulin III, NF200, and GAP-43, and increased the number of NeuN-positive and Nissl-positive cells, while reducing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (p<0.0001). The number of apoptotic cells in the treatment group decreased significantly (p<0.0001). Regarding the markers of microglia activation, MSC-derived exosomes increased the number of CD206- and CD68-positive cells (p=0.032 and p<0.0001, respectively). Additionally, MSC-derived exosome administration significantly increased the expression of the anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-4 (p<0.001 and p=0.001, respectively) and decreased the expression of the inflammatory IL-1b, IL-6, and TNF-a (p<0.0001).

MSC-derived exosome treatment resulted in a significantly improved locomotion of SCI animals through ameliorating neuroinflammation, reducing apoptosis, and inducing neuronal regrowth by facilitating a desirable microenvironment.