AQP2

THURSDAY, Aug. 3, 2023 -- Serum copeptin and urinary aquaporin-2 (AQP2) levels are significantly lower in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE), according to a study published in the June issue of the International Journal of Urology . Basem A. Fathi, M.D., from Al Zahraa University Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, and colleagues examined the utility of serum copeptin and urinary AQP2 levels for diagnosing PMNE. The study included 58 children with an average age of 9.7 years with PMNE and 29 control children without nocturnal enuresis with an average age of 10.2 years. The researchers found that compared with the control group, serum levels of copeptin, potassium, urinary AQP2, and urine creatinine levels were significantly lower in the PMNE group. Between the groups, there were no significant differences observed in body mass index, urine-specific gravity, serum sodium, serum creatinine, or the estimated glomerular filtration rate. "In this study, serum levels of copeptin (blood) and AQP2 (urine) were significantly lower in enuretic patients compared to healthy controls," the authors write. "Further, the measurement of urinary AQP2 levels is more practical than serum copeptin levels due to lower invasiveness." Abstract/Full Text Posted August 2023

Antidiuretics are drugs used to control water balance in individuals suffering from diabetes insipidus (DI). Antidiuretic drug consist of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and use of thiazide base diuretics. Antidiuretic hormone is commonly known as arginine vasopressin. Antidiuretic hormone is secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. The rate of secretion of antidiuretic hormone is controlled by osmoreceptors present in the hypothalamus. Increase in contraction of plasma fluid leads to physiological stimuli for antidiuretic hormone release. Antidiuretics bind with receptor cells present in the kidney and increase water reabsorption by stimulating aquaporins present in membranes of kidney tubules. These aquaporins transport solute free water from the tubules to the blood by decreasing the osmolality of plasma cells. As the concentration of plasma cells increases, the rate of antidiuretic hormone release increases in the blood which increases reabsorption of water. This increases water retention and urine concentration. Deficiency of antidiuretic hormones causes two types of diabetes insipidus: cranial diabetes insipidus and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. The symptoms of diabetes insipidus are increase in water intake to compensate the loss of water. In very rare situations, diabetes insipidus can develop during pregnancy and lead to gastrointestinal diabetes insipidus. Cranial diabetes occurs when there is not enough antidiuretic hormone present in the body to control urine production. It is the most common type of diabetes insipidus which occurs when the pituitary gland or the hypothalamus does not function properly. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurs when the kidneys fail to function properly in the presence of antidiuretic hormone. It is caused due to kidney malfunction. In order to treat diabetes insipidus, desmopressin and vasopressin are used which replicate the function of antidiuretic hormone function. The most common medications used for the treatment of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are thiazide diuretics, which help to reduce the amount of urine produced by the kidney. The inherited form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is due to mutation in AVPR gene, in very rare cases approximately 10% of inherited diabetes insipidus results from mutation in aquaporin 2 gene. The acquired form of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus can lead to cyst formation in the kidney, high calcium levels in blood, and lead to kidney infections. The prevalence rate of diabetes insipidus in the U.S. is about 1 in 6,666, while the prevalence rate of diabetes insipidus among general population is approximately 1 in 25,000 individuals. Major drivers of the antidiuretics market are growing awareness, rising prevalence of diabetes, increasing geriatric population, increase in obesity in the young generation, and government initiatives to promote research related to the study of antidiuretics and its use to control diabetes insipidus. High cost associated with the drug, stringent regulatory scenarios in drug development, risk factors associated with antidiuretics such as excessive bleeding, light headedness, and hematoma during collection of blood sample from individuals on diuretics are likely to restrain the antidiuretics market during the forecast period. Geographically, the global antidiuretics market has been segmented into five key regions: North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and Middle East & Africa. North America leads the global antidiuretics market largely because of increasing population, rising number of diabetic population, and growing research activity. North America was closely followed by Europe and Asia Pacific. Asia Pacific is an emerging market for antidiuretics primarily because of increasing health care expenditure in the region and rising demand. Key players in the global antidiuretics market are Pfizer, Novartis AG, F Hoffmann-La Roche, bioMérieux, Merck & Co., Sanofi, Cayman Chemical, and JHP Pharmaceuticals LLC, and others. More Trending Reports by Transparency Market Research: Gestational Diabetes Treatment Market: Gestational diabetes can be defined as a type of diabetes that affects pregnant women. It is usually a temporary condition which develops during pregnancy and subsides after the birth of the baby. However, there are possibilities that diabetes may return in the later stages of life as type II diabetes mellitus. Non-insulin Anti-diabetes Drugs Market: Diabetes is a metabolic disease, wherein the body is either unable to secret insulin (type 1 diabetes) or is unable to utilize the generated insulin (type 2 diabetes). This elevated sugar level leads to various symptoms such as increased thirst & appetite, weight loss, frequent urination, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal, numbness and tingling in hands and feet. If untreated, diabetes leads to various acute and chronic life-threatening complications. About Us Transparency Market Research is a next-generation market intelligence provider, offering fact-based solutions to business leaders, consultants, and strategy professionals. Our reports are single-point solutions for businesses to grow, evolve, and mature. Our real-time data collection methods along with ability to track more than one million high growth niche products are aligned with your aims. 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