What are the side effects of Dimercaprol?

Dimercaprol, also known as British Anti-Lewisite (BAL), is a chelating agent used to treat heavy metal poisoning. It works by binding to metals like arsenic, lead, and mercury, allowing them to be excreted from the body. While effective in treating poisoning, Dimercaprol is not without its side effects. Understanding these potential side effects is crucial for anyone undergoing treatment with this medication.

One of the most common side effects of Dimercaprol is pain at the injection site. The drug is administered via intramuscular injection, which can be uncomfortable and may cause localized pain and swelling. Some patients also experience muscle stiffness or spasms in the area surrounding the injection.

Another frequent side effect is an increase in blood pressure. This can be problematic for individuals with preexisting hypertension or cardiovascular conditions. Close monitoring of blood pressure is often needed during treatment to ensure it remains within a safe range.

Dimercaprol can also cause a range of gastrointestinal symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common, and some patients may experience abdominal pain or cramping. Loss of appetite can occur, leading to a decrease in food intake and potential weight loss if treatment is prolonged.

Allergic reactions are another possible side effect. Symptoms can range from mild, such as skin rash and itching, to severe, such as difficulty breathing and swelling of the face, lips, or tongue. Immediate medical attention is required if any signs of a severe allergic reaction occur.

Neurological side effects, although less common, can also occur. These may include headache, dizziness, and a sense of unease or restlessness. In rare cases, more severe neurological symptoms such as neuropathy, which manifests as numbness or tingling in the extremities, may develop.

Renal side effects are also a concern. Dimercaprol can cause changes in urine color, often turning it dark brown or greenish. This discoloration is usually harmless but can be alarming to patients. More serious renal side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, are rare but possible, necessitating careful monitoring of kidney function during treatment.

In some cases, Dimercaprol can affect liver function. Elevated liver enzymes may be observed, indicating stress on the liver. While these changes are usually reversible upon discontinuation of the drug, ongoing monitoring of liver function tests is advisable.

Other potential side effects include fever, tachycardia (rapid heart rate), and a metallic taste in the mouth. Each of these can contribute to overall discomfort during treatment but are generally transient and resolve after the cessation of therapy.

In summary, while Dimercaprol is a potent and effective treatment for heavy metal poisoning, it is associated with a range of potential side effects. These can vary from mild and transient to severe and requiring immediate medical intervention. It is essential for patients and healthcare providers to be aware of these risks and to monitor for any adverse effects throughout the course of treatment. Close medical supervision can help mitigate these side effects, ensuring the safe and effective use of Dimercaprol.