Binetrakin

Interleukin-4 (IL-4), which is traditionally associated with inflammation, has emerged as a key player in tissue regeneration. Produced primarily by T-helper 2 (Th2) and other immune cells, IL-4 activates endogenous lymphocytes and promotes M2 macrophage polarization, both of which are crucial for tissue repair. Moreover, IL-4 stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of various cell types, contributing to efficient tissue regeneration, and shows promise for promoting tissue regeneration after injury. This review explores the multifaceted roles of IL-4 in tissue repair, summarizing its mechanisms and potential for clinical application. This review delves into the multifaceted functions of IL-4, including its immunomodulatory effects, its involvement in tissue regeneration, and its potential therapeutic applications. We discuss the mechanisms underlying IL-4-induced M2 macrophage polarization, a crucial process for tissue repair. Additionally, we explore innovative strategies for delivering IL-4, including gene therapy, protein-based therapies, and cell-based therapies. By leveraging the regenerative properties of IL-4, we can potentially develop novel therapies for various diseases, including chronic inflammatory disorders, autoimmune diseases, and organ injuries. While early research has shown promise for the application of IL-4 in regenerative medicine, further studies are needed to fully elucidate its therapeutic potential and optimize its use.

Prostate cancer poses a significant global health challenge, ranking as the second most prevalent and fifth most lethal malignancy among males. The intricate interplay between androgen signaling and the immune microenvironment underscores the complexity of prostate cancer progression. Notably, androgen receptor (AR) signaling has been shown to affect immune response mediated by tumor antigen-presenting dendritic cells (DCs). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the potential of Bicalutamide, a nonsteroidal anti-androgen, in modulating DCs-mediated immune responses. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated, and monocytes were extracted, followed by their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (iDCs) using GM-CSF and IL-4. Harvested tumor cell lysates from human prostate cancer cells were then utilized to induce the transformation of iDCs into mature dendritic cells (mDCs). Then, mDCs were treated with non-toxic concentration of Bicalutamide determined by annexin V/PI assay. The morphological characteristics of mDCs were investigated using an inverted light microscope. Flow cytometry was used to determine the cell surface expression of molecular markers of DC maturation, and qRT-PCR was employed to evaluate expression levels of proinflammatory genes involved in DC maturation. The obtained results indicated that Bicalutamide treatment of monocyte-derived mDCs induces an immunogenic and matured phenotype, marked by increased expression of CD86 and HLA-DR. Besides, qRT-PCR results evidenced that Bicalutamide decreased the expression of anti-inflammatory genes, including Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and TGF-beta, as an indication of immunogenic DCs. These findings suggest that beyond its established anti-androgen role, Bicalutamide may exert anti-tumor effects through the modulation of DCs-mediated immune responses. This novel immunomodulatory feature holds promise for the development of novel therapies, including combination therapies, in prostate cancer treatment.