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The purple ribbon denotes World Lupus Day, May 10. As study of patients with lupus uncovers a root cause of the condition we take a deeper look at the autoimmune disease and how it is currently treated A study of patients with lupus has uncovered a root cause of the disease that may eventually lead to new treatments, researchers reported in a study published in Nature. The immune disorder affects more than 1.5 million people in the US alone, and damages skin, joints, the kidneys, the brain and other organs. Comparing blood samples from 19 patients suffering from lupus with healthy people, researchers found that the patients had an imbalance in immune-system cells called ‘T cells’. There was reduced production of T cells that aid in healing, and increased production of T cells that produce autoantibodies to attack healthy cells. In the wake of the study, we take a look at lupus – at its effects and the available treatments. What is lupus? Lupus is an autoimmune disease that causes the body's immune system to attack its own tissues and organs. This condition can affect various parts of the body, including skin, joints, kidneys, brain, heart and lungs. Diagnosis can be complex, as symptoms often mimic those of other ailments. Treatment options for lupus depend on the severity of symptoms and which organs are affected. The cause of lupus remains unknown, but researchers believe it involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Women are more likely to develop lupus than men, and it is more prevalent in certain ethnic groups. Patients with lupus are advised to protect themselves from sun exposure, as ultraviolet light can trigger flares in some individuals. How is lupus treated? Medications include anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarial drugs and immunosuppressants. Research has shown antimalarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine can decrease the frequency and severity of lupus flare-ups. They work by modulating the immune system, which is overactive in lupus patients. This helps reduce inflammation and pain, particularly in the skin and joints. These medications also help protect the heart, and are thought to lower the risk of blood clots in lupus patients. This is significant as individuals with lupus have an increased risk of cardiovascular complications. Antimalarials are used in combination with immunosuppressants for more severe cases. Immunosuppressants are used to treat lupus because the condition results in the body's immune system mistakenly attacking healthy tissue, causing inflammation and damage to organs including the kidneys, heart and lungs. Common immunosuppressants used in lupus treatment include methotrexate, azathioprine, mycophenolate mofetil, and cyclophosphamide. These can be administered orally or intravenously, depending on the specific drug and the patient's condition. The use of immunosuppressants carries risks, as a suppressed immune system makes the patient more susceptible to infections. Companies that specialise in lupus medicines Medications used to treat lupus include anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarial drugs and immunosuppressants. The following are among the companies that produce treatments in these three categories. Immunosuppressants GlaxoSmithKline : Benlysta (based on belimumab) AstraZeneca : Saphnelo (anifrolumab-fnia) Aurinia Pharmaceuticals: Lupkynis (voclosporin) Roche : Rituxan (rituximab) Bristol Myers Squibb : Orencia (abatacept) Eli Lilly : Olumiant (baricitinib) Pfizer : Xeljanz (tofacitinib) Antimalarials Sanofi : Plaquenil (hydroxychloroquine) Anti-inflammatories Novartis : Ilaris (canakinumab) Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Remicade (infliximab) UCB: Cimzia (certolizumab pegol)

The clue came, as they often do, from an unexpected source. Some sixteen months ago, a small study of five people in Germany pointed to a new direction for the high-profile field of cell therapy.The study showed a cellular medicine could drive a tough-to-treat form of lupus into remission. While early, the finding suggested a technique used to create powerful cellular treatments for cancer might also work against autoimmune conditions like lupus, too.Its very early days, but its exciting for the field to see this possibility, said cell therapy pioneer and University of Pennsylvania immunologist Carl June, in an interview at the time.The biopharmaceutical industry took note. Since the paper was published, a number of drugmakers have revealed plans to develop cell therapies for lupus, and nearly a dozen are now in clinical testing.Updated results from that German study, presented at a medical meeting in December, indicate they may be right to invest. Among 15 people who had lupus or one of two other autoimmune diseases and hadnt responded to prior treatment, all were in remission after receiving cell therapy. Some responses have lasted two years.Its the tip of the iceberg, but it looks extraordinary, said Andy Plump, Takeda Pharmaceuticals head of research, in a recent interview. The hope is that this can expand to not just other refractory autoimmune diseases, but to more common diseases.Challenges remain. Current cell therapies for cancer are associated with side effects that in rare cases can be fatal, a risk thats easier to accept for people with deadly tumors than those with chronic health conditions. Theyre also complex to produce and administer, and only available at major treatment centers, limiting their potential for wider use. Some believe newer off-the-shelf alternatives may be a better fit.Answers could come within the next few years from clinical trials just getting underway. At least a dozen studies run by startups, biotechnology companies and large pharmaceutical giants are either recruiting participants or soon will be. Heres where the field stands:How is lupus treated now?Lupus is a chronic autoimmune condition that occurs when the body attacks itself. The disease leads to pain and inflammation in many parts of the body, from the skin and joints to internal organs like the kidneys or lungs. About 1.5 million people in the U.S. and 5 million worldwide have a form of the disease, according to the Lupus Foundation of America, a patient advocacy group. For reasons that arent quite clear, many of those affected are women of childbearing age. Researchers arent certain what triggers the disease in the first place, either.Lupus has several types, the most common of which is known as systemic lupus erythematosus, or SLE. It affects multiple organs and can involve a constellation of symptoms, making it tough to diagnose. Lupus characteristic flares arrive unpredictably and can last days or weeks. While most people can manage their disease and live a long life, the condition can result in kidney failure or death from heart-related complications.There is no cure. Available treatments can help manage symptoms and counteract the immune response associated with the disease. They include repurposed anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive therapies, steroids or antimalarials.More recently, three medicines specifically developed for lupus GSKs Benlysta, Aurinia Pharmaceuticals Lupkynis and AstraZenecas Saphnelo have reached market. Roches cancer drug rituximab is sometimes used off-label as well, despite disappointing clinical results.All have limitations, however. Not everyone responds to treatment and patients can continue to have flare-ups, requiring them to try different treatments. Additionally, drugs that blunt the immune system, like steroids, can leave patients vulnerable to infection.How could cell therapy be used?Six so-called CAR-T cell therapies are approved in the U.S. to treat leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma. When they work, these therapies can lead to long-lasting benefit.Theyre made by genetically modifying a patients immune cells to spot proteins found on the surface of cancerous B cells. These cells, which normally make protective antibodies, are also implicated in an array of autoimmune diseases. In lupus, for example, B cells go haywire and make antibodies that damage healthy tissue.CAR-T therapies wipe out B cells, whether cancerous or not. That effect led Georg Schett and colleagues at the Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen-Nurnberg, to test CAR-T therapy in people with lupus.Schetts team published a case report in The New England Journal of Medicine in 2021, following up one year later with results in four more study volunteers, which were presented in Nature. They found the drug depleted B cell counts and drove participants disease into remissions that persisted without using other drugs.Notably, treated individuals still responded to vaccines and their levels of infectious disease antibodies largely remained intact, wrote analysts at the investment bank William Blair, in a recent report. Side effects were mild.When B cells did regenerate, disease symptoms didnt return, which the authors suggested could support the idea that CAR-T therapy reboots the immune system.To drugmakers, the findings indicate cellular therapies, if engineered right, could potentially cure some autoimmune diseases.There's a huge potential for patients to really benefit, said Samit Hirawat, the chief medical officer of Bristol Myers Squibb, in a recent interview.Yet its still unclear how long responses will last, or whether people may need to be re-treated later. The results may not be replicated as CAR-T therapies are studied in large groups of people with lupus, either.CAR-T also involves a chemotherapy conditioning regimen to prepare patients for therapy. And treatment can cause serious immune and neurological side effects that, in an autoimmune disease setting, will not be acceptable to patients and physicians, wrote William Blair analysts.More seriously, the Food and Drug Administration recently issued safety warnings for all six available CAR-T therapies, following a review of reports of patients developing secondary malignancies after treatment.Those risks will require developers to mitigate CAR-Ts known safety issues. Companies working on adapting the therapies say their goal is to fine-tune the approach for use in autoimmune diseases.I think the whole industry is asking: how can we work on the benefit-risk profile and the conditioning process so that, ideally, you can [treat patients] earlier and earlier and not wait until they have severe, refractory disease? said Victor Bulto, head of Novartis U.S. division.Which companies are working on cell therapies?About a dozen companies have launched trials testing cell therapies in lupus, according to a federal database. At least another six have received Food and Drug Administration clearance to begin initial studies and could soon follow, while others still have disclosed plans for testing.Two cell therapy leaders, Novartis and Bristol Myers Squibb, started Phase 1 trials last year. Theyre each testing newer versions of the products they brought to market for cancer, tweaking them to cut manufacturing times, boost safety and raise potency.Bristol Myers Hirawat noted how Schetts research suggests developers can deliver benefit in lupus with lower and, theoretically, safer doses than in cancer. Thats partly because there are fewer B cells to target in lupus than there are cancerous cells in lymphoma or leukemia.We don't anticipate, or want to see, the same safety profile as you saw in malignancies, he said.Select lupus cell therapies in federally listed clinical trialsCompanyCell therapyDevelopment phaseTrial numberIndicationKyverna TherapeuticsKYV-101Phase 1NCT05938725Lupus nephritisGracell BiotechnologiesGC012FPhase 1NCT05858684SLENovartisYTB323Phase 1/2NCT05798117SLEBristol Myers SquibbCC-97540Phase 1NCT05869955SLECartesian TherapeuticsDescartes-08Phase 2NCT06038474SLEMiltenyi BiomedicineMB-CART19.1Phase 1/2NCT06189157SLEImmPACT BioIMP-514Phase 1/2NCT06153095SLE and lupus nephritisiCell Gene TherapeuticsBCMA-CD19 cCAR-TPhase 1NCT05474885SLECabaletta BioCABA-201Phase 1/2NCT06121297SLE and lupus nephritisJW TherapeuticsRelma-celPhase 1NCT05765006SLESOURCE: clinicaltrials.gov, companiesAlongside Bristol Myers and Novartis is Kyverna Therapeutics, a well-funded biotech startup that filed for an initial public offering earlier this month. Kyvernas lead program was licensed from the National Institutes of Health and, like that of its larger rivals, targets the protein CD19.Also in testing are Gracell Biotechnologies, which AstraZeneca acquired last year, Cartesian Therapeutics and startups Cabaletta Bio and ImmPACT Bio. Behind them are an array of cell therapy companies that have said they will go after lupus and other autoimmune diseases, like Fate Therapeutics, CRISPR Therapeutics and Autolus Therapeutics.China-based biotechs and academic researchers are investing in lupus research, too. A federal database shows nearly a dozen academic or industry-backed trials underway, including studies run by JW Therapeutics, Shanghai GeneChem and Chongqing Precision Biotech.Some that havent publicly announced trial plans, like Takeda, are interested: Even though we're very far behind, we still think that we have a path, Plump said.One reason: Not everyone is pursuing the same approach. Some companies have cell therapies that target BCMA, another protein on B cells, as well as CD19. Some are looking at different targets. And others are changing out components to boost potency, or are tweaking conditioning regimens.Meanwhile, companies like Artiva Biotherapeutics, Fate, and Sana Biotechnology are trying approaches that rely on the cells of healthy donors. These so-called allogeneic treatments have struggled as cancer therapies. But some developers claim they may have an edge over personalized, or autologous, treatments in autoimmune conditions. Here, they say, the advantages of donor-derived therapies like cheaper production costs or lower rates of side effects will be more important.Autologous cell therapy for autoimmune [disease] is going to be pretty challenging, said Carlo Rizzuto, managing director at Versant Ventures, a venture firm that invested in allogeneic cell therapy developer Century Therapeutics. I do think that allogeneic off-the-shelf approaches, especially the stem cell-based approaches, will have an advantage.Cell therapies could also face competition from newer antibody drugs designed to better deplete B cell counts. Roche and Johnson & Johnson, for instance, have drugs in mid- or late-stage testing for lupus.We will have to see how science evolves across all these modalities and see which one works best for which patients, said Bulto, of Novartis.Select cell therapies for lupus cleared for testing by FDA*CompanyCell therapyDevelopment phaseTrial numberIndicationNkartaNKX019To be confirmedNot yet listedLupus nephritisSana BiotechnologySC291Phase 1Not yet listedLupus nephritisArtiva BiotherapeuticsAB-101To be confirmedNot yet listedSLE and lupus nephritisCentury TherapeuticsCNTY-101Phase 1Not yet listedSLELuminary TherapeuticsLMY-920Phase 1Not yet listedSLEFate TherapeuticsFT-819Phase 1Not yet listedSLE*Describes instances when the FDA has cleared an Investigational New Drug application, but no trial is listed in clinicaltrials.gov database. SOURCE: companiesWhats next?Several clinical trial readouts this year and next could build on Schetts study. The tests underway are enrolling patients with SLE or lupus nephritis, when the condition affects the kidneys. Some developers are recruiting people with other autoimmune conditions as well, which could provide more clues as to how broadly cell therapy might be applied.Kyverna presented early results from a lupus nephritis study last year and is recruiting patients. A fuller readout could come in 2025, according to a federal database. The company is planning to test its treatment in systemic sclerosis, myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis, too.Novartis shared preliminary findings last year in a study testing its therapy, YTB323, in SLE. More data are expected in the second half of 2024. Bristol Myers should provide an early look at its programs potential this year, too, and intends to expand into MS, myositis and other conditions.Cabaletta has said it will share results from three patients with lupus or myasthenia gravis in the first half of 2024. ImmPACT and Sana could also report initial data in 2024.Others, such as Fate, Nkarta and CRISPR intend to start dosing patients in 2024. Startups with different approaches, like Luminary Therapeutics, could follow afterwards.Some of these efforts will need to bear fruit for investment to continue at such a torrid pace. CAR-Ts potential in lupus alone can't sustain this massive energy in the industry, Plump said. There are pieces that we're just starting to work through, but it's an area of a lot of excitement. '