Imidazofurin

Pollination insects frequently encounter complex mixtures of pesticides within agricultural ecosystems. However, current risk assessments for pesticides focus primarily on single agents, failing to reflect real-world conditions. Mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim (TFM) and triazole fungicide triadimefon (TAD) are two compounds often detected together in the environment, raising concerns over their combined toxic effects on pollinators. In this context, our study aimed to explore the enzymatic and transcriptional responses in the honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) when exposed to a mixture of TFM and TAD. Our findings revealed that co-exposure to these two pesticides induced acute synergistic toxicity in A. mellifera. Furthermore, significant alterations were observed in the levels of MDA, AChE, GST, and trypsin, along with the expression of four genes (abaecin, CRBXase, CYP6AS14, and CYP306A1) linked to oxidative stress, neural function, detoxification pathways, digestion, and immune competence. Additionally, both pesticides were found to modify the molecular conformation of CAT and AChE, thereby influencing their enzymatic activities. These results underscored the biochemical and molecular toxicities resulting from the combined action of TFM and TAD on A. mellifera, offering critical insights into the ecological impact of pesticide mixtures on pollinators. Importantly, the co-presence of TFM and TAD might exacerbate physiological damage in A. mellifera, likely due to their interactive effects. Collectively, this study represented a substantial advancement in comprehending the toxicological impacts of commonly used agricultural pesticides and provided valuable foundations for developing effective strategies to mitigate their harmful effects on pollination insects.

Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) have evolved as useful anchorage providers for orthodontic tooth movements. To improve the stability of TADs, a number of modifications on their surface have been developed and investigated. This review comprehensively summarizes recent findings of clinically applied surface modifications of TADs and compared the biological improvement of these modifications. We focused on sandblasting, large-grit, acid etching (SLA), anodic oxidation (AO) and ultraviolet photofunctionalization (UVP). In vitro, in vivo and clinical studies of these surface modifications on TADs with clear explanations, low possibility of bias and published in English were included. Studies demonstrated that SLA, AO and UVP enhance cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. The biocompatibility and osteoconductivity of TAD surface are improved in vivo. However, in clinical studies, the changes are generally not so impressive. Furthermore, this review highlights the promising potential in combinations of different modifications. In addition, some other surface modifications, for instance, the biomimetic calcium phosphate coating, deserve to be proposed as future strategies.