Last update 01 Nov 2024

Biotin

Last update 01 Nov 2024

Overview

R&D Status

Clinical Result

Translational Medicine

Overview

Basic Info

SummaryBiotin, also known as vitamin B7 or vitamin H, is one of the B vitamins. It is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Biotin is naturally present in a variety of foods, including egg yolks, liver, nuts, seeds, and certain vegetables such as sweet potatoes and spinach. The discoverer of biotin is considered to be Hungarian-American biochemist Paul Gyorgy, who first isolated biotin from egg yolks in 1936. Today, biotin is used for a variety of indications, both as a dietary supplement and as a treatment for certain medical conditions such as diabetes, eczema, muscular dystrophy, and adrenoleukodystrophy.

Drug Type

Small molecule drug

Synonyms

(+)-cis-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4]imidazole-4-valeric acid, (3aS,4S,6aR)-Hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-valeric acid, 5-(2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl)pentanoic acid

+ [16]

Target

ABCD1

Mechanism

ABCD1 inhibitors(ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily D Member 1 inhibitors)

Therapeutic Areas

Endocrinology and Metabolic DiseaseSkin and Musculoskeletal DiseasesImmune System Diseases+ [3]

Active Indication

Diabetes MellitusEczemaMultiple Sclerosis, Primary Progressive+ [3]

Inactive Indication

Amyotrophic Lateral SclerosisCharcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type IaCharcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type Ib+ [7]

Originator Organization-

Active Organization

Harvard Medical SchoolCiberer

MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS

+ [3]

Inactive Organization-

Drug Highest PhaseApproved

First Approval Date-

RegulationOrphan Drug (US)

Structure

Molecular FormulaC10H16N2O3S

InChIKeyYBJHBAHKTGYVGT-ZKWXMUAHSA-N

CAS Registry58-85-5

Clinical Trials associated with Biotin

TCTR20240411004 / CompletedPhase 2IIT

An Experimental Study on the effect of biotin on Measurement of FT3, FT4 and TSH in healthy adults

Start Date22 Aug 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator-

CTRI/2023/07/055359 / CompletedNot Applicable

A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Safety and Efficacy Study of Plant Based Biotin and Plant Based Biotin with Silica in Healthy Adult Human Subjects with complaints of Hair Fall Thin Dry & Brittle Hair and Dry Skin - NIL

Start Date01 Aug 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator-

CTRI/2023/07/055057 / Not yet recruitingPhase 3

An Open Label, Prospective, Non-Comparative, Single Arm Clinical Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of H-Vit Hair Serum of Systopic Laboratories Pvt. Ltd. in Hair Fall Control, Hair Growth Potential and Improvement in Hair Health in Adult Volunteers - NIL

Start Date31 Jul 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator

Systopic Laboratories Private Limited

100 Clinical Results associated with Biotin

100 Translational Medicine associated with Biotin

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Biotin

4,497

Literatures (Medical) associated with Biotin

31 Dec 2024·Renal Failure

Alterations in the gut microbiome and metabolism profiles reveal the possible molecular mechanism of renal injury induced by hyperuricemia in a mouse model of renal insufficiency

Article

Author: He, Haidong ; Xu, Xudong ; Hu, Ping ; Tang, Yuyan ; Liu, Ping ; Chen, Yu ; Yang, Jianli ; Zhu, Yifan ; Jin, Meiping

Objectives: To investigate the role of the intestinal flora and metabolites in the development of hyperuricemic renal injury in chronic kidney disease (CKD).Methods: Unilaterally nephrectomized mice were fed with adenine and potassium oxonate for 9 weeks. HE staining combined with plasma biochemical indicators was used to evaluate renal pathological and functional changes. We conducted 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics on feces and plasma samples to reveale changes in intestinal microbiota and metabolites.Result: Our analysis revealed significant differences in 15 bacterial genera, with 7 being upregulated and 8 being downregulated. Furthermore, metabolomic analysis revealed changes in the distribution of amino acid and biotin metabolites in basic metabolic pathways in both feces and serum. Specifically, differentially abundant metabolites in feces were associated primarily with histidine metabolism; the biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; and tyrosine metabolism. In plasma, the differentially abundant metabolites were involved in multiple metabolic pathways, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis; glycine, serine, and threonine amino acid metabolism; valine, leucine, and isoleucine biosynthesis; tyrosine biosynthesis and metabolism; biotin metabolism; and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. Furthermore, correlation analysis revealed that Akkermansia, UCG-005, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Lactococcus, and Butymonas were associated with various differentially abundant metabolites as well as renal function, oxidative stress, and mitophagy. The changes in the intestinal flora observed in hyperuricemia may lead to imbalances in amino acid and biotin metabolism in both the intestine and host, ultimately affecting oxidative stress and mitophagy in mice and accelerating the progression of CKD.Conclusion: Our findings provide insights into a potential pathogenic mechanism by which hyperuricemia exacerbates renal injury in mice with renal insufficiency. Understanding these pathways may offer new therapeutic strategies for managing hyperuricemic renal injury in CKD patients.

09 Dec 2024·Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Comparative bioavailability of vitamins in human foods sourced from animals and plants

Review

Author: Moughan, Paul J. ; Chungchunlam, Sylvia M. S.

Vitamins are essential components of enzyme systems involved in normal growth and function. The quantitative estimation of the proportion of dietary vitamins, that is in a form available for utilization by the human body, is limited and fragmentary. This review provides the current state of knowledge on the bioavailability of thirteen vitamins and choline, to evaluate whether there are differences in vitamin bioavailability when human foods are sourced from animals or plants. The bioavailability of naturally occurring choline, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K in food awaits further studies. Animal-sourced foods are the almost exclusive natural sources of dietary vitamin B-12 (65% bioavailable) and preformed vitamin A retinol (74% bioavailable), and contain highly bioavailable biotin (89%), folate (67%), niacin (67%), pantothenic acid (80%), riboflavin (61%), thiamin (82%), and vitamin B-6 (83%). Plant-based foods are the main natural sources of vitamin C (76% bioavailable), provitamin A carotenoid β-carotene (15.6% bioavailable), riboflavin (65% bioavailable), thiamin (81% bioavailable), and vitamin K (16.5% bioavailable). The overview of studies showed that in general, vitamins in foods originating from animals are more bioavailable than vitamins in foods sourced from plants.

01 Dec 2024·Genes & Nutrition

Palm-based tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) supplementation modulates cardiac sod1 expression, fxr target gene expression, and tauro-conjugated bile acid levels in aleptinemic mice fed a high-fat diet

Article

Author: Ibrahim, Effendi ; Lew, Sook Weih ; Mohd Efendy Goon, Mohd Danial ; Md Shahrulnizam, Nur Aliah Natasha ; Sheikh Abdul Kadir, Siti Hamimah ; Ab Rahim, Sharaniza

AbstractTocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) has been reported to protect the heart from oxidative stress-induced inflammation. It is, however, unclear whether the protective effects of TRF against oxidative stress involve the activation of farnesoid X receptor (fxr), a bile acid receptor, and the regulation of bile acid metabolites. In the current study, we investigated the effects of TRF supplementation on antioxidant activities, expression of fxr and its target genes in cardiac tissue, and serum untargeted metabolomics of high-fat diet-fed mice. Mice were divided into high-fat diet (HFD) with or without TRF supplementation (control) for 6 weeks. At the end of the intervention, body weight (BW), waist circumference (WC), and random blood glucose were measured. Heart tissues were collected, and the gene expression of sod1, sod2, gpx, and fxr and its target genes shp and stat3 was determined. Serum was subjected to untargeted metabolomic analysis using UHPLC-Orbitrap. In comparison to the control, the WC of the TRF-treated group was higher (p >0.05) than that of the HFD-only group, in addition there was no significant difference in weight or random blood glucose level. Downregulation of sod1, sod2, and gpx expression was observed in TRF-treated mice; however, only sod1 was significant when compared to the HFD only group. The expression of cardiac shp (fxr target gene) was significantly upregulated, but stat3 was significantly downregulated in the TRF-treated group compared to the HFD-only group. Biochemical pathways found to be influenced by TRF supplementation include bile acid secretion, primary bile acid biosynthesis, and biotin and cholesterol metabolism. In conclusion, TRF supplementation in HFD-fed mice affects antioxidant activities, and more interestingly, TRF also acts as a signaling molecule that is possibly involved in several bile acid-related biochemical pathways accompanied by an increase in cardiac fxr shp expression. This study provides new insight into TRF in deregulating bile acid receptors and metabolites in high-fat diet-fed mice.

News (Medical) associated with Biotin

17 Jun 2024

·www.sciencedaily.com

Treating the gut-brain connection with B vitamins to treat Parkinson's Disease

A study has revealed a link between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease. The researchers discovered a decrease in bacterial genes related to the synthesis of vitamins B2 and B7. The lack of these genes was associated with reduced intestinal short-chain fatty acids and polyamines, agents that maintain the intestinal barrier and prevent the leakage of toxins into the blood that can then access the brain. Using B vitamin therapy to address these deficiencies may restore the barrier and treat Parkinson's disease. A study led by Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine in Japan has revealed a link between gut microbiota and Parkinson's disease (PD). The researchers found a reduction in the gut bacteria of genes responsible for synthesizing the essential B vitamins B2 and B7. They also identified a relationship between the lack of these genes and low levels of agents that help maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier. This barrier prevents toxins from entering the bloodstream, which causes the inflammation seen in PD. Their findings, published in npj Parkinson's Disease, suggest that treatment with B vitamins to address these deficiencies can be used to treat PD. PD is characterized by a variety of physical symptoms that hinder daily activities and mobility, such as shaking, slow movement, stiffness, and balance problems. While the frequency of PD may vary between different populations, it is estimated to affect approximately 1-2% of individuals aged 55 years or older. Various physiological processes are heavily influenced by the microorganisms found in the gut, which are collectively known as gut microbiota. In ideal conditions, gut microbiota produce SCFAs and polyamines, which maintain the intestinal barrier that prevents toxins entering the bloodstream. Toxins in the blood can be carried to the brain where they cause inflammation and affect neurotransmission processes that are critical for maintaining mental health. To better understand the relationship between the microbial characteristics of the gut in PD, Hiroshi Nishiwaki and Jun Ueyama from the Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine conducted a metanalysis of stool samples from patients with PD from Japan, the United States, Germany, China, and Taiwan. They used shotgun sequencing, a technique that sequences all genetic material in a sample. This is an invaluable tool because it offers researchers a better understanding of the microbial community and genetic makeup of the sample. They observed a decrease in the bacterial genes responsible for the synthesizing of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and biotin (vitamin B7) in patients diagnosed with PD. Riboflavin and biotin, derived from both food and gut microbiota, have anti-inflammatory properties, which may counteract the neuroinflammation seen in diseases like PD. B vitamins play crucial roles in the metabolic processes that influence the production and functions of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and polyamines, two agents that help maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier, preventing toxins entering the bloodstream. An examination of fecal metabolites revealed decreases of both in patients with PD. The findings indicate a potential explanation for the progression of PD. "Deficiencies in polyamines and SCFAs could lead to thinning of the intestinal mucus layer, increasing intestinal permeability, both of which have been observed in PD," Nishiwaki explained. "This higher permeability exposes nerves to toxins, contributing to abnormal aggregation of alpha-synuclein, activating the immune cells in the brain, and leading to long-term inflammation." He added, "Supplementation therapy targeting riboflavin and biotin holds promise as a potential therapeutic avenue for alleviating PD symptoms and slowing disease progression." The results of the study highlight the importance of understanding the complex relationship among gut microbiota, metabolic pathways, and neurodegeneration. In the coming years, therapy could potentially be customized based on the unique microbiome pro each patient. By altering bacterial levels in the microbiome, doctors can potentially delay the onset of symptoms associated with diseases like PD. "We could perform gut microbiota analysis on patients or conduct fecal metabolite analysis," Nishiwaki said. "Using these findings, we could identify individuals with specific deficiencies and administer oral riboflavin and biotin supplements to those with decreased levels, potentially creating an effective treatment."

Microbial therapy

12 Mar 2024

·www.prnewswire.com

Bizz Energy Can Help Build Muscle and Boost Metabolism

The Nutrition-Filled Beverage Is Rewriting the Script When It Comes to Energy Drinks FORT LAUDERDALE, Fla., March 12, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- Traditional energy beverages have a negative reputation for unhealthy ingredients and sugary crashes. Bizz Energy was designed to be the ultimate zero-sugar energy drink. The healthy alternative to the classic concept was developed by a team led by entrepreneur Gavin Jacono. Part of the goal with Bizz Energy is to provide a potent dose of clean, sugar-free, crashless energy. However, Jacono and his team have gone above and beyond to ensure that the nutritional elements of their formula deliver more than a punchy pick-me-up. "Part of the point with Bizz Energy has always been to be a clean energy drink option," explains Jacono. "We want health-conscious individuals to be able to use it as a way to tap energy without compromising their health in the process. But our goal from day one was much bigger than that. We wanted a drink that could enhance performance on a nutritional level. We wanted something that brought together the ideas of an energy drink and a supplement." The first step in achieving this was to avoid classic sweet tooth ingredients, like sugar, high fructose corn syrup, and even aspartame. In addition, the group avoided any harmful chemicals or additives. When it came to the energy part of the process, the R&D team managed to create a unique form of soluble Turkesterone. The natural ecdysteroid has a reputation for stimulating physical and mental energy. This works alongside a punchy per-can dose of 200mg of caffeine anhydrous. Jacono's team also looked for ingredients that could provide a net nutritional positive to the consumer. They included ingredients like creatine and essential amino acids to help with muscle growth and protein synthesis. They also included Niacin and Biotin to support an active metabolism. In the end, the Bizz Energy formula is much more than an average energy drink — or even an improved one. It functions as a dual energy booster and supplement. It can supercharge the mind, energize the body, improve physical performance, and enhance whatever mental or physical activity an individual is attempting to accomplish. Bizz Energy is a refreshing new take on a classic concept. It is a clean, crashless, and nutritious energy drink built to help people reach their goals and go the distance. A bout Bizz Energy Bizz Energy was founded by Gavin Jacono. The fitness and nutrition fanatic hails from New York City and is obsessed with boxing, weightlifting, and soccer. As an aspiring 17-year-old entrepreneur, Jacono launched Bizz Energy as a way to create the ultimate energy drink he had always wanted to fuel his athletic pursuits. Along with a potent dose of caffeine, the Bizz Energy formula taps into a unique form of soluble Turkesterone. It is delicious, clean, and effective. Learn more at bizzenergy.com. Contact: Gavin Jacono 516-637-8701 374108@email4pr.com SOURCE Bizz Energy

20 Nov 2023

·www.prnewswire.com

Designs for Health Launches Two Collagen Formulas, Whole Beauty Collagen™ & Collagen + MCT

Leading supplement brand now offers three unique researched-back collagen products PALM COAST, Fla., Nov. 20, 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- Designs for Health, the expert-recommended and preferred brand for high-quality, professional strength, research-backed supplements, and recipient of the 2023 Top Supplement Manufacturing Company award ** today announced the launch of Whole Beauty Collagen™ and Collagen + MCT. These products complement the company's bestselling Whole Body Collagen, now offering consumers three superior, efficacious collagen formulas. Whole Beauty Collagen™ is a convenient once-daily powder featuring hydrolyzed collagen peptides and Lustriva®, a patented, clinically researched blend of stabilized biotin and silica, to provide comprehensive support for hair, skin, and nails.* Evidence suggests that Lustriva® may help promote hair fullness, optimal skin texture, and nail strength.* Additionally, the magnesium biotinate used in this formula may have 40 times greater dissolvability and absorption than the biotin used in common beauty products. Collagen + MCT is a keto-friendly powder featuring hydrolyzed collagen peptides from grass-fed, pasture-raised bovine sources and medium-chain triglycerides (C8 & C10 MCTs) from highly refined coconut oil. MCTs metabolize differently than other fats; the body converts them into ketones, even when not on a ketogenic diet, and provide a quick source of energy that most cells and tissues can use. They are especially known for fueling the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles. Research also suggests that MCTs may provide fuel for brain cells, helping to support cognitive function and mental clarity.* Whole Body Collagen is a synergistic formulation designed to benefit the health of bones, joints, and skin.* It contains the research-backed collagen peptide blends Verisol®, Fortigel®, and Fortibone® derived from specific dietary collagen proteins and produced with proprietary hydrolyzation technologies to optimize their beneficial properties. This unique blend is supported by clinical research showing its efficacy for collagen production, bone strength, joint health and integrity, and skin elasticity.* "While the market for collagen supplements has skyrocketed in recent years, all collagen products are not created equal, which is why we are proud to offer three high-quality research-backed formulations that consumers and practitioners can trust," said Chief Medical Officer, Dr. David M. Brady at Designs for Health. "Collagen makes up roughly 30% of the body's protein and 75% of the skin's structure; however, we start to produce less of it as we age, making supplementation vital to helping the body rebuild the collagen that it depends on. Our three unique SKUs have been carefully formulated to provide adults with an easy and convenient way to incorporate specific molecular weight clinically studied collagen into their daily wellness routines at any age." Designs for Health began in 1989 as a small educational services company with deep roots in natural medicine – and big ambitions to revolutionize the industry. More than 30 years later, the company is pioneering new approaches to nutritional science, breaking barriers in quality standards, and ultimately transforming the healthcare ecosystem. Through a robust product pipeline and a diverse portfolio of more than 300 nutritional products, Designs for Health is leading the charge in the natural and integrative medicine movement to design a well world for all. Whole Beauty Collagen, Collagen + MCT, and Whole Body Collagen are unflavored and unsweetened, making them easy to add to any beverage or shake. They are gluten-free, dairy-free, soy-free, and non-GMO, and available to purchase at . To learn more about Designs for Health and its comprehensive portfolio of products, including its line of oral health products, visit . Please tune in to Designs for Health's new podcast, Conversations for Health, and immerse yourself in the current landscape of Functional Medicine to empower you to design a well world with us. About Designs for Health, Inc. Family-owned Designs for Health, Inc. offers high-quality dietary supplements and functional foods to healthcare professionals and their patients. Guided by its founding philosophy of "Science-First™," the company holds an unwavering commitment to creating research-driven formulations with meaningful quantities of functional ingredients that maximize the potential for successful health outcomes. For over 30 years, Designs for Health has been many healthcare professionals' trusted source for not only product innovation but also leadership in clinical education and practice development solutions. **Awarded by Food Business Review *These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Contact: 5WPR 212-999-5585 [email protected] SOURCE Designs for Health

100 Deals associated with Biotin

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00029	Biotin	A11HA05	DB00121

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

to view more data

Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Diabetes Mellitus	-	-	-
Eczema	-	-	-

Developing

10 top R&D records.

to view more data

Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Multiple Sclerosis	Phase 3	EU	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	-
Optic Neuritis	Phase 2	FR	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013
Vision, Low	Phase 2	FR	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013
Vision, Low	Phase 2	GB	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013
Multiple Sclerosis	Phase 2	EU	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	-
Adrenoleukodystrophy	Phase 1	FR	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2014
Adrenoleukodystrophy	Phase 1	ES	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2014
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	Phase 1	FR	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013
Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	Phase 1	FR	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013
Optic Neuritis	Phase 1	GB	MedDay Pharmaceuticals SAS	01 Oct 2013

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


EADV2023	Not Applicable	-	61	Oral biotin	iiqvwmpbxp(mohiplsdxq) = uykziotzwk uuxggsqvli (oetmkvrqax ) View more	Positive	11 Oct 2023
EADV2023	Not Applicable	-	61	Pyridoxine	iiqvwmpbxp(mohiplsdxq) = wihmfdlvpi uuxggsqvli (oetmkvrqax ) View more	Positive	11 Oct 2023
SSIEM2023	Not Applicable	Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation biotinidase activity	29	biotin	opdrkrirkp(btsbwhknip) = hdlddfixun vcushwdigy (dcncxhihrk )	-	30 Aug 2023
NCT02757898 (b-RBCs, CTgov)	Phase 1	Anemia	5	Biotin-Labeled Red Blood Cells (RBCs)	zyyccyjdor(npcttrbhut) = kqlesqpzpj rafejrinsy (niqejkfyle, uzlctjdqbp - pkhvpzupba) View more	-	09 May 2023
AAN2022	Not Applicable	Multiple Sclerosis	889	High-dose biotin (HDB)	buheboobxv(jkzqlysqtl) = Thirty-one patients (4.7%) in the HDB group were found to have laboratory test interference iifcdkzuij (wtkrjljseu )	-	03 May 2022
NCT02936037 (SPI2, Pubmed) Manual	Phase 3	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	642	MD1003	(cgctkfxglj) = xsarzvznnc pscwlzudjj (xlfzhcehjx ) View more	Negative	01 Dec 2020
NCT02936037 (SPI2, Pubmed) Manual	Phase 3	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	642	Placebo	(cgctkfxglj) = zjyaftkpfv pscwlzudjj (xlfzhcehjx ) View more	Negative	01 Dec 2020
NCT02936037 (SPI2, CTgov)	Phase 3	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	642	PLACEBO (GROUP 1)	knlyjmhfbl(ckbokqwvaa) = zzbhbzmhmu fcykuygbyn (ydkiouvqdu, mmexrlxlut - soaudtamoc) View more	-	23 Nov 2020
NCT02936037 (SPI2, CTgov)	Phase 3	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	642	MD1003 100mg capsule (GROUP 2)	knlyjmhfbl(ckbokqwvaa) = hmlsbsxoqx fcykuygbyn (ydkiouvqdu, ttlghvexou - xutluyynpw) View more	-	23 Nov 2020
NCT04223232 (CTgov)	Phase 1	-	6	[14C]-MD1003	shtseuxcla(yzdeyzbyxp) = bafrtxngkg bqyxfpnihn (zbuddkdshn, vpjhzgluis - vftdqiudml) View more	-	02 Nov 2020
NCT02967679 (CTgov)	Phase 2	Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type Ia \| Polyradiculoneuropathy, Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating \| Central Nervous System Diseases \| Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Type Ib \| Neuropathy	15	MD1003	cbekezgjxh(smtqfayycw) = mmmcwauvzw etlaxflldd (tbmdxxfkup, luvqofltuv - amutpwgpgl) View more	-	02 Nov 2020
MS-SPI (ECTRIMS2019)	Not Applicable	Multiple Sclerosis	133	MD1003	bbyzzzjwuf(antjpfeagv) = The main reasons for treatment withdrawal (M12 to M60) were: perceived lack of efficacy (34 patients), consent withdrawal (23 patients), and discontinuations due to AEs (8 patients) dckrnmkifq (rcerdgkdmz ) View more	Positive	10 Sep 2019
MS-SPI (AAN2019)	Not Applicable	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	154	MD1003	(dsgpeayuum) = fxdhvtaoqn mdzwglpcsp (mfsevodymw ) View more	Positive	09 Apr 2019
MS-SPI (AAN2019)	Not Applicable	Multiple Sclerosis, Chronic Progressive	154	Placebo	(dsgpeayuum) = rjvsjhkdyu mdzwglpcsp (mfsevodymw ) View more	Positive	09 Apr 2019

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