Estrogens, Conjugated Synthetic B(Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd.)

Despite evidence indicating a substantial presence of microplastics (MPs) in organic fertilizers, research exploring the differences of MPs among various types of organic fertilizers remains limited. Additionally, MPs can act as carriers for organic pollutants, influencing their environmental behaviors. This study investigated the presence of MPs in organic fertilizers and their effects on the environmental behaviors of steroidal estrogens. We compared the adsorption of estrone (E1) and estrone sulfate sodium (E1-3S) by original PHA and PHA aged through cattle manure-straw compost (CS) and vermicompost (VC). PHA-CS exhibited the highest adsorption capacities for E1 (47.97 ± 2.20 μg g^-1) and E1-3S (64.32 ± 2.09 μg g^-1). Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from CS and VC profoundly affected estrogen adsorption onto PHA, with VC-derived DOM inhibiting and CS-derived DOM promoting adsorption. In simulated avian digestive fluid, the desorption efficiency of E1 was 72.46 %-93.43 % higher than that of E1-3S, indicating increased toxicity and bioavailability of E1 upon bird ingestion. Transport experiments strongly suggested that estrogens could be more easily retained in porous media containing aged PHA. This study advances our understanding of the adsorption mechanisms of aerobic compost-derived PHA on estrogens and their desorption behaviors under different environmental conditions.

Cerium-oxo clusters have applications in fields ranging from catalysis to electronics and also hold the potential to inform on aspects of actinide chemistry. Toward this end, a cerium-acetylacetonate (acac^1-) monomeric molecule, Ce(acac)₄ (Ce-1), and two acac^1--decorated cerium-oxo clusters, [Ce₁₀O₈(acac)₁₄(CH₃O)₆(CH₃OH)₂]·10.5MeOH (Ce-10) and [Ce₁₂O₁₂(OH)₄(acac)₁₆(CH₃COO)₂]·6(CH₃CN) (Ce-12), were prepared and structurally characterized. The Ce(acac)₄ monomer contains Ce^IV. Crystallographic data and bond valence summation values for the Ce-10 and Ce-12 clusters are consistent with both clusters having a mixture of Ce^III and Ce^IV cations. Ce L₃-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy, performed on Ce-10, showed contributions from both Ce^III and Ce^IV. The Ce-10 cluster is built from a hexameric cluster, with six Ce^IV sites, that is capped by two dimeric Ce^III units. By comparison, Ce-12, which formed upon dissolution of Ce-10 in acetonitrile, consists of a central decamer built from edge sharing Ce^IV hexameric units, and two monomeric Ce^III sites that are bound on the outer corners of the inner Ce₁₀ core. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry data for solutions prepared by dissolving Ce-10 in acetonitrile showed that the major ions could be attributed to Ce₁₀ clusters that differed primarily in the number of acac^1-, OH^1-, MeO^1-, and O^2- ligands. Small angle X-ray scattering measurements for Ce-10 dissolved in acetonitrile showed structural units slightly larger than either Ce₁₀ or Ce₁₂ in solution, likely due to aggregation. Taken together, these results suggest that the acetylacetonate supported clusters can support diverse solution-phase speciation in organic solutions that could lead to stabilization of higher order cerium containing clusters, such as cluster sizes that are greater than the Ce₁₀ and Ce₁₂ reported herein.