Urcosimod

Limited information is available regarding the physiology of squash plants grown under waterlogging stress. The objectives of this study were to investigate the growth and physiological performances of three cucurbit species, Cucurbita maxima cultivar (cv.) OK-101 (OK) and Cucurbita moschata cv. Early Price (EP) and Strong Man (SM), in response to waterlogging conditions, and to develop a precise, integrated, and quantitative non-destructive measurement of squash genotypes under stress. All tested plants were grown in a growth chamber under optimal irrigation and growth conditions for a month, and the pot plants were then subjected to non-waterlogging (control) and waterlogging treatments for periods of 1, 3, 7, and 13 days (d), followed by a 3-d post-waterlogging recovery period after water drainage. Plants with phenotypes, such as fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and dry matter (DM) of shoots and roots, and various physiological systems, including relative water content (RWC), soil and plant analysis development (SPAD) chlorophyll meter, ratio of variable/maximal fluorescence (Fv/Fm), quantum photosynthetic yield (YII), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and photochemical reflectance index (PRI) values, responded differently to waterlogging stress in accordance with the duration of the stress period and subsequent recovery period. When plants were treated with stress for 13 d, all plants exhibited harmful effects to their leaves compared with the control, but EP squash grew better than SM and OK squashes and exhibited stronger tolerance to waterlogging and showed less injury. Changes in the fresh weight, dry weight, and dry matter of shoots and roots indicated that OK plants suffered more severely than EP plants at the 3-d drainage period. The values of RWC, SPAD, Fv/Fm, YII, NDVI, and PRI in both SM and OK plants remarkably decreased at waterlogging at the 13-d time point compared with controls under identical time periods. However, the increased levels of SPAD, Fv/Fm, YII, NDVI, and PRI observed on 7 d or 13 d of waterlogging afforded the EP plant leaf with improved waterlogged tolerance. Significant and positive correlations were observed among NDVI and PRI with SPAD, Fv/Fm, and YII, indicating that these photosynthetic indices can be useful for developing non-destructive estimations of chlorophyll content in squashes when screening for waterlogging-tolerant plants, for establishing development practices for their cultivation in fields, and for enhanced cultivation during waterlogging in frequently flooded areas.

Dry eye disease (DED), also known as dry eye syndrome, is a multifactorial ocular surface disease. The aim of this review is to present the details of currently approved and upcoming treatment options for DED in a nutshell. We conducted a thorough literature search using PubMed and searched US FDA website, clinicaltrials.gov, and data available in public domain for currently approved and upcoming treatment options for DED. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved medical treatments for treatment of DED include cyclosporine formulations (RESTASIS^® [cyclosporine 0.05% ophthalmic emulsion], VEVYE^® [cyclosporine 0.1% ophthalmic solution], and CEQUA™ [cyclosporine 0.09% ophthalmic solution]), XIIDRA^® (lifitegrast), a leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1)/intracellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) inhibitor, EYSUVIS™ (loteprednol etabonate ophthalmic suspension 0.25%), a corticosteroid, and MIEBO™ (perfluorohexyloctane ophthalmic solution), a semifluorinated alkane. TYRVAYA™ (varenicline solution nasal spray), a cholinergic agonist, is another formulation approved for the treatment of the signs and symptoms of DED. The medical devices approved for treating DED due to meibomian glands dysfunction (MGD) include Lumenis OptiLight™ (intense pulsed light [IPL] device), TearCare^® system, and TearScience™ LipiFlow™ thermal pulsation system. Punctal plugs are another treatment option approved for management of DED. There are hundreds of clinical studies evaluating newer treatments for managing the signs and symptoms. Cyclosporine formulations TJO-087 (cyclosporine A nanoemulsion 0.08%), SCAI-001 eye drops (cyclosporine 0.01%, 0.02%) are being evaluated against RESTASIS^® and other approved treatments. The potential treatments being assessed include IC 265, OK-101, PL9643, SYL1001 (tivanisiran), SHJ002, OXERVATE^® (cenegermin-bkbj ophthalmic solution 0.002%), HBM9036 (tanfanercept ophthalmic solution), OCS-02 (licaminlimab), MIM-D3 (tavilermide ophthalmic solution 5%), AR-15,512, BRM421, reproxalap, and AZR-MD-001 (selenium sulphide ointment 0.5%). The pathophysiology of DED is complex and multifactorial; there is a need to understand it even deeper. The new treatments and different delivery systems seem promising and provide a hope of effective treatment for DED.