Background
Adults over the age of 60 with symptoms of major depressive disorder are said to have late-life depression (LLD), a condition that usually decreases a person's quality of life and is associated with other risks like physical frailty and dementia. A common feature of more severe LLD is psychomotor slowing, where a person's ability to think and move are impaired. For example, they might not be able to walk or process information as quickly, and they might have problems with their working memory.
Psychomotor slowing in LLD might be the result of a problem with the way a person's body produces or responds to the neurotransmitter dopamine. The drug Levodopa (L-DOPA), which can replace missing dopamine in the brain, has been used to treat to treat Parkinson's disease for many decades, and it might also affect psychomotor slowing in LLD.
Methods
In this study, participants are adults aged 60 years or older with moderate to severe major depression. Participants undergo the "L-DOPA challenge"-a 2-week period where they receive a dose of L-DOPA once a day for the first week and a dose of L-DOPA twice a day for the second week. Before and after a participant completes the L-DOPA challenge, the study team assesses their depressive symptoms and psychomotor function. After the L-DOPA challenge, if a participant still shows signs of moderate or severe depression, they receive an antidepressant for 12 weeks.
Aims
The first aim of this study is to test the feasibility of the L-DOPA challenge-that is, whether most of the 50 participants recruited for this study will complete the L-DOPA challenge. For example, participants might have to withdraw if they can't make the daily visits to the research site to receive their L-DOPA medication, if they can't tolerate the medication's side effects, or if their depressive symptoms get significantly worse. Our hypothesis is that 80% of the participants will complete the L-DOPA challenge.
The second aim of the study is to see if L-DOPA affects participants' depressive symptoms, processing speed, and working memory. Our hypothesis is that L-DOPA response, measured as an improvement in gait speed, is associated with a decrease in depressive symptoms and an increase in processing speed and working memory.

Start Date15 Aug 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

University of British Columbia

[+1]

NCT06365515

/ RecruitingNot ApplicableIIT

Dopamine and Reward Learning Across Hormonal Transition Phases

Hormonal transition periods during the menstrual cycle may predispose women to mental disorders. Hormonal fluctuations provide specific neuroendocrine conditions that modulate brain structure and function and these actions affect cognitive and emotional behaviors and affect energy and mood homeostasis. It is thought that these changes are driven by altered dopamine transmission. Here, the investigators aim to examine (1) how sex hormones and dopamine are linked and also (2) how hormonal changes affect motivation, mood, and energy homeostasis.
To this end, dopamine intervention will be tested on effort-based decision-making and motivational circuits in three hormonal stages (i.e., women in early-follicular phase (EF), women in mid-luteal phase (ML), and men). Additionally, the effects of hormonal status on metabolic indices will be tested, and its effects on mood fluctuations in a period of a month.
The investigator hypothesizes that women in EF cycle phase (1) have naturally less dopamine and show less effort, and (2) they show greater improvement in effort-based decision-making after Levodopa administration. The investigator has exploratory outcomes about (3) sex differences in reward-learning with and without Levodopa administration and explores if these differences correlate with elevated female sex hormone levels. Moreover, it is hypothesized that (4) hormonal fluctuations affect energy homeostasis, thus women in their EF cycle phase have higher energy expenditure and (5) they report more negative mood than in their mid-luteal (ML) cycle phase.

Start Date01 May 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

University Hospital Tuebingen

[+2]

JPRN-UMIN000054201

/ Recruiting

Low-dose L-DOPA treatment for drug-induced dystonia - Low-dose L-DOPA treatment for drug-induced dystonia

Start Date18 Apr 2024

Sponsor / Collaborator

Osaka Neurological Institute

100 Clinical Results associated with Levodopa hydrate

100 Translational Medicine associated with Levodopa hydrate

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Levodopa hydrate

25,286

Literatures (Medical) associated with Levodopa hydrate

01 Jun 2025·Neural Regeneration Research

Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Article

Author: Zhu, Huixian ; Qi, Zengxin ; Chen, Liang ; Jiang, Yimiao ; Yuan, Wangrui ; Shen, Kangli ; Liu, Ruiqi ; Lou, Weiwei ; Cao, Xin ; Fang, Chenxin ; Jiang, Yifan ; Zhuang, Qianxing

The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson’s disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore, bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico–striato–pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson’s disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremor-dominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson’s disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia–thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity, and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson’s disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.

01 Apr 2025·Neural Regeneration Research

Cortico-striatal gamma oscillations are modulated by dopamine D3 receptors in dyskinetic rats

Article

Author: Bi, Yuewei ; Wang, Pengfei ; Zhou, Ming ; Wen, Huantao ; Li, Min ; Wang, Zhuyong ; Chen, Jiazhi ; Luo, Minjie ; Zhang, Wangming

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202504000-00031/figure1/v/2024-07-06T104127Z/r/image-tiff Long-term levodopa administration can lead to the development of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Gamma oscillations are a widely recognized hallmark of abnormal neural electrical activity in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Currently, studies have reported increased oscillation power in cases of levodopa-induced dyskinesia. However, little is known about how the other electrophysiological parameters of gamma oscillations are altered in levodopa-induced dyskinesia. Furthermore, the role of the dopamine D3 receptor, which is implicated in levodopa-induced dyskinesia, in movement disorder-related changes in neural oscillations is unclear. We found that the cortico-striatal functional connectivity of beta oscillations was enhanced in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Furthermore, levodopa application enhanced cortical gamma oscillations in cortico-striatal projections and cortical gamma aperiodic components, as well as bidirectional primary motor cortex (M1) ↔ dorsolateral striatum gamma flow. Administration of PD128907 (a selective dopamine D3 receptor agonist) induced dyskinesia and excessive gamma oscillations with a bidirectional M1 ↔ dorsolateral striatum flow. However, administration of PG01037 (a selective dopamine D3 receptor antagonist) attenuated dyskinesia, suppressed gamma oscillations and cortical gamma aperiodic components, and decreased gamma causality in the M1 → dorsolateral striatum direction. These findings suggest that the dopamine D3 receptor plays a role in dyskinesia-related oscillatory activity, and that it has potential as a therapeutic target for levodopa-induced dyskinesia.

01 Apr 2025·TALANTA

Spermine induced in-situ synthesis of polychromatic carbon nanodots towards smartphone-readable ratiometric fluorescence sensing of multiple catecholamines

Article

Author: Fang, Junan ; An, Jia ; Liu, Yufei ; Han, Yaqin ; Zhang, Jiajing

Abnormal levels of catecholamines can indicate underlying health issues, such as Parkinson's disease, hypertension, and pheochromocytoma. However, it is difficult to accurately differentiate multiple catecholamines using traditional detection methods due to their highly similar structures. Herein, we proposed a carbon-based fluorescent probe with adaptability named spermine that can react with multiple catecholamines to generate polymer carbon dots with distinct fluorescence colors, enabling visual differentiation and quantitative detection of epinephrine, norepinephrine and levodopa. Spermine does not requires synthesis and exhibits excellent biocompatibility, as it naturally exists in bacteria and most animal cells. Additionally, ratiometric fluorescent probes with high sensitivity was constructed to eliminate nonspecific factors in the sample detection process. Furthermore, due to the simplicity of the designed fluorescence detection steps, a convenient paper-based biosensor for visual detection of multiple catecholamines was formed by pre-dropping the probe on the detection layer, which can be integrated into the portable platform and the detection value can directly display on the smartphone. Therefore, the integrated portable platform of the biosensor can differentiate catecholamines types through fluorescent color and intelligently detect the content of catecholamine in the sample.

379

News (Medical) associated with Levodopa hydrate

19 Dec 2024

·pipelinereview.com

Roche’s Phase IIb Study of Prasinezumab Missed Primary Endpoint, But Suggests Possible Clinical Benefit in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

DUBLIN, Ireland I December 19, 2024 I Prothena Corporation plc (NASDAQ:PRTA), today announced results from the Phase IIb PADOVA study conducted by partner Roche investigating prasinezumab in 586 people with early-stage Parkinson’s disease, treated for a minimum of 18 months while on stable symptomatic treatment. Prasinezumab showed potential clinical effect in the primary endpoint of time to confirmed motor progression with a HR=0.84 [0.69-1.01] and p=0.0657. The effect of prasinezumab was more pronounced in a pre-specified analysis in the population treated with levodopa (75% of participants), HR=0.79 [0.63-0.99] and nominal p=0.0431. Pre-specified supplementary covariate-adjusted* analyses of these endpoints demonstrated nominally significant effects on the primary endpoint (HR=0.81 [0.67-0.98]; nominal p=0.0334) and in the levodopa subgroup (HR=0.76 [0.61-0.95]; nominal p=0.0175). Consistent positive trends across multiple secondary and exploratory endpoints were also observed. Prasinezumab continues to be well tolerated and no new safety signals were observed in the study. The Phase IIb PADOVA results along with prior clinical study results will inform future clinical development, including study design, statistical analysis, and appropriate evaluation of patient sub-groups, of prasinezumab as a potential first-in-class disease-modifying treatment for patients with Parkinson’s disease. “The results from the Phase 2b PADOVA study are a significant step forward to potentially bring the first disease-modifying treatment option to the millions of individuals living with Parkinson’s disease and their families,” stated Gene Kinney, Ph.D., President and Chief Executive Officer, Prothena. “As pioneers in developing the first anti-alpha synuclein targeting antibody, we look forward to Roche presenting the results from the PADOVA study at an upcoming medical conference and sharing with health authorities to determine the most appropriate path forward.” The Phase II PASADENA and Phase IIb PADOVA open-label extension studies will continue in order to explore the observed effects in both studies. Roche will continue to evaluate the data and work together with health authorities to determine next steps. Full results from the PADOVA study will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting. About prasinezumab Prasinezumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody designed to selectively bind aggregated α-syn and reduce neuronal toxicity. By targeting the build-up of α-syn protein in the brain, prasinezumab can potentially prevent further accumulation and spreading between cells, thereby slowing down the progression of the disease. The evidence supporting targeting α-syn aggregates as a mechanism of action in Parkinson’s disease is based on a wide range of scientific evidence in the field. Prasinezumab is currently being assessed in ongoing open-label extensions of the Phase II PASADENA and Phase IIb PADOVA studies. Four-year data from the PASADENA study showed potential evidence of sustained slowing of motor progression compared to a matched PPMI natural history study cohort, published in the October 2024 edition of Nature Medicine. The PASADENA delayed-start (n = 94) and early-start (n = 177) groups showed a slower decline (a smaller increase in score) in MDS–UPDRS Part III scores in the OFF state (delayed start, −51%; early start, −65%) than did the PPMI external comparator (n = 303). The safety database for prasinezumab consists of data from more than 900 Parkinson’s disease study participants that have been treated with the investigational medicine, including more than 500 who were treated over 1.5-5 years. Roche entered into a Licensing, Development, and Commercialization agreement with Prothena in December 2013 to develop and commercialize monoclonal antibodies targeting α-syn, such as prasinezumab, for the potential treatment of Parkinson’s disease. About the PADOVA study PADOVA is a Phase IIb multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of prasinezumab compared with placebo in 586 randomized patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease who were on stable symptomatic treatment (stable doses of levodopa or monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor as monotherapy for more than three months at baseline). Patients receive monthly intravenous doses of prasinezumab 1500 mg or placebo every four weeks for at least 76 weeks. This is followed by a two-year open-label extension phase in which all participants receive active treatment, which is currently ongoing. The primary endpoint of PADOVA is the time to confirmed motor progression of Parkinson’s disease (≥5-point increase in Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS] Part III score assessed in OFF medication state). A 5-point increase in MDS-UPDRS Part III represents a clinically meaningful motor progression event (Trundell et al., in press). About Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disease that has a devastating impact on patients and families. Parkinson’s disease is characterized by the gradual loss of neurons that make dopamine and other nerve cells, and the development of motor and non-motor symptoms that may appear years before diagnosis. Symptoms can vary widely between individuals and disease progression is not predictable, in which symptoms can develop gradually over time or suddenly. Clinical diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is late in the disease course and currently based only on motor symptoms, with non-motor symptoms often preceding diagnosis by up to 20 years. About Prothena Prothena Corporation plc is a late-stage clinical biotechnology company with expertise in protein dysregulation and a pipeline of investigational therapeutics with the potential to change the course of devastating neurodegenerative and rare peripheral amyloid diseases. Fueled by its deep scientific expertise built over decades of research, Prothena is advancing a pipeline of therapeutic candidates for a number of indications and novel targets for which its ability to integrate scientific insights around neurological dysfunction and the biology of misfolded proteins can be leveraged. Prothena’s pipeline includes both wholly-owned and partnered programs being developed for the potential treatment of diseases including AL amyloidosis, ATTR amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and a number of other neurodegenerative diseases. For more information, please visit the Company’s website at www.prothena.com and follow the Company on Twitter @ProthenaCorp. SOURCE: Prothena

Clinical ResultPhase 2License out/in

19 Dec 2024

·endpts.com

Roche’s Parkinson’s drug flunks second mid-stage trial

Roche’s alpha-synuclein-targeting antibody has failed to slow the progression of motor symptoms in a mid-stage Parkinson’s disease test, marking the latest setback in a largely challenging year for the disease pipeline. The pharma company’s prasinezumab missed statistical significance in the Phase 2b PADOVA study’s primary endpoint of time to confirmed motor progression versus placebo (p=0.0657), according to a Thursday release . The trial enrolled 586 people with early-stage Parkinson’s who were taking stable doses of levodopa or a monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor. Roche secured the rights to prasinezumab more than ten years ago, when it inked a global development and commercialization deal with the drug’s creator, Prothena, worth up to $600 million. Prothena’s share price $PRTA was down around 6% premarket Thursday. Prasinezumab seemed to have a stronger effect in the subset of Phase 2b patients taking levodopa, Roche said. There were also “positive trends” in multiple secondary endpoints. Roche plans to present the full Phase 2b data at a future medical meeting. In the meantime, the Swiss drugmaker will carry on with open-label extensions of PADOVA and a separate failed prasinezumab study called PASADENA. The latter trial missed its primary endpoint in 2020. Roche is not the only company to struggle with developing effective treatments for Parkinson’s. On Tuesday, UCB and Novartis reported that minzasolmin, which has the same mechanism as prasinezumab, failed to significantly slow signs of disease progression in a Phase 2a study. In April, Sage Therapeutics axed its Parkinson’s asset , dalzanemdor, on the heels of a Phase 2 disappointment. Two months later, the FDA rejected AbbVie’s 24-hour infusion therapy for Parkinson’s for the second time due to manufacturing concerns. AbbVie has had better luck with tavapadon, the Parkinson’s drug it acquired from Cerevel, which passed its third late-stage test earlier this month.

Phase 2Clinical Trial FailurePhase 3Acquisition

19 Dec 2024

·www.businesswire.com

Genentech’s Phase IIb Study of Prasinezumab Missed Primary Endpoint, but Suggests Possible Benefit in Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

SOUTH SAN FRANCISCO, Calif.--( BUSINESS WIRE )--Genentech, a member of the Roche Group (SIX: RO, ROG; OTCQX: RHHBY) announced today results from the Phase IIb PADOVA study investigating prasinezumab in 586 people with early-stage Parkinson’s disease, treated for a minimum of 18 months while on stable symptomatic treatment. Prasinezumab showed potential clinical efficacy in the primary endpoint of time to confirmed motor progression with a HR=0.84 [0.69-1.01] and p=0.0657, missing statistical significance. In a pre-specified analysis, the effect of prasinezumab was more pronounced in the population treated with levodopa (75% of participants), HR=0.79 [0.63-0.99]. Consistent positive trends across multiple secondary and exploratory endpoints were also observed. Prasinezumab continues to be well tolerated and no new safety signals were observed in the study. “Parkinson’s is complex and devastating with no disease modifying treatment options available for the millions of people impacted,” said Levi Garraway, M.D., Ph.D., chief medical officer and head of Global Product Development. “We believe the consistent efficacy trends from the Phase IIb study of prasinezumab merit further exploration. We will continue our close collaboration with the Parkinson’s community as we further evaluate the data to determine next steps.” The Phase II PASADENA and Phase IIb PADOVA open-label extension studies will continue in order to explore the observed effects in both studies. Roche/Genentech will continue to evaluate the data and work together with health authorities to determine next steps. Full results from the PADOVA study will be presented at an upcoming medical meeting. About prasinezumab Prasinezumab is an investigational monoclonal antibody designed to selectively bind aggregated α-syn and reduce neuronal toxicity. By targeting the build-up of α-syn protein in the brain, prasinezumab can potentially prevent further accumulation and spreading between cells, thereby slowing down the progression of the disease. The evidence supporting targeting α-syn aggregates as a mechanism of action in Parkinson’s disease is based on a wide range of scientific evidence in the field. Prasinezumab is currently being assessed in ongoing open-label extensions of the Phase II PASADENA and Phase IIb PADOVA studies. Four-year data from the PASADENA study showed potential evidence of sustained slowing of motor progression compared to a matched PPMI natural history study cohort, published in the October 2024 edition of Nature Medicine. The PASADENA delayed-start (n = 94) and early-start (n = 177) groups showed a slower decline (a smaller increase in score) in MDS-UPDRS Part III scores in the OFF state (delayed start, −51%; early start, −65%) than did the PPMI external comparator (n = 303). The safety database for prasinezumab consists of data from more than 900 Parkinson’s disease study participants that have been treated with the investigational medicine, including more than 500 who were treated over 1.5-5 years. Roche/Genentech entered into a Licensing, Development, and Commercialisation agreement with Prothena in December 2013 to develop and commercialise monoclonal antibodies targeting α-syn, such as prasinezumab, for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. About the PADOVA study PADOVA is a Phase IIb multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of prasinezumab compared with placebo in 586 randomized patients with early-stage Parkinson’s disease who were on stable symptomatic treatment (stable doses of levodopa or monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor as monotherapy for more than three months at baseline). Patients receive monthly intravenous doses of prasinezumab 1500 mg or placebo every four weeks for at least 76 weeks. This is followed by a two-year open-label extension phase in which all participants receive active treatment, which is currently ongoing. The primary endpoint of PADOVA is the time to confirmed motor progression of Parkinson’s disease (≥5-point increase in Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale [MDS-UPDRS] Part III score assessed in OFF medication state). A 5-point increase in MDS-UPDRS Part III represents a clinically meaningful motor progression event (Trundell et al., in press). About Parkinson’s disease Parkinson's disease is a chronic, progressive and debilitating neurodegenerative disease characterized by the gradual loss of neurons that make dopamine and other nerve cells, and the development of motor and non-motor symptoms that may appear years before diagnosis. Today, PD affects over 10 million people worldwide. The prevalence of Parkinson’s disease is increasing, and it has become one of the fastest-growing neurological disorders. Currently, symptomatic treatments that effectively alleviate motor symptoms are available today, having a significant impact on people’s quality of life; however, no available symptomatic therapies slow down or stop the clinical progression of Parkinson’s disease and the effects wear off over time as the disease progresses. Roche/Genentech is evaluating multiple approaches to slow down disease progression and potentially prevent Parkinson’s disease that involve targeting underlying disease processes such as aggregated α-syn production, lysosomal dysfunction and neuroinflammation. About Genentech in Neuroscience Neuroscience is a major focus of research and development at Genentech. Our goal is to pursue groundbreaking science to develop new treatments that help improve the lives of people with chronic and potentially devastating diseases. Genentech and Roche are investigating more than a dozen medicines for neurological disorders, including multiple sclerosis, spinal muscular atrophy, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Together with our partners, we are committed to pushing the boundaries of scientific understanding to solve some of the most difficult challenges in neuroscience today. About Genentech Founded more than 40 years ago, Genentech is a leading biotechnology company that discovers, develops, manufactures and commercializes medicines to treat patients with serious and life-threatening medical conditions. The company, a member of the Roche Group, has headquarters in South San Francisco, California. For additional information about the company, please visit http://www.gene.com .

Phase 2Clinical ResultLicense out/in

100 Deals associated with Levodopa hydrate

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00059	Levodopa hydrate	N04BA01	DB01235

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Parkinson Disease	US	Shire Development LLC	04 Jun 1970
Parkinson Disease	US	Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.	04 Jun 1970

Developing

10 top R&D records.

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Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Dyskinesias	Phase 3	US	AbbVie, Inc.	01 Jun 2009
Dyskinesias	Phase 3	DE	AbbVie, Inc.	01 Jun 2009
Dyskinesias	Phase 3	NZ	AbbVie, Inc.	01 Jun 2009
Asthma	Phase 1	US	Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.	01 Dec 2015
Smoking	Phase 1	US	Acorda Therapeutics, Inc.	01 Dec 2015

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


EAN2024	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	-	Inhaled levodopa	xhfglppbkq(gvuxnfxaje) = reported by 12 (66.7%) patients uvjzkatyzw (zpftsdfymg ) View more	-	28 Jun 2024
MDS2023	Not Applicable	-	110	LD/DCI	eeymiwqsla(lhogjprkzg) = ikfgxlwakj kxglzwrgdy (mgvtoyhezs ) View more	Positive	27 Aug 2023
				LD/DCI+COMT-I	eeymiwqsla(lhogjprkzg) = vwclxtqoip kxglzwrgdy (mgvtoyhezs ) View more
Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) (MDS2023)	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	428	levodopa	mgcgudeofc(hnnikdcaaw) = mcchwmxxmt shzikoaren (ihkbtueltc )	-	27 Aug 2023
				levodopa	mgcgudeofc(hnnikdcaaw) = uhomgkakge shzikoaren (ihkbtueltc )
PD MED early disease randomisation (MDS2023)	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	1,593	Levodopa-sparing therapy (dopamine agonist or monoamine oxidase B inhibitor)	mkwmojibbv(baphwzfnws): P-Value = 0.84 View more	Positive	27 Aug 2023
				Levodopa alone
MDS2023	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease calpains	16	Without levodopa	appyjmxfng(uopvqlkqnj) = thgazdfped iszdrsgltr (rvoxpmxali, - 0.11)	Positive	27 Aug 2023
				Daily dose up to 600 mg	appyjmxfng(uopvqlkqnj) = qnzrpyypqn iszdrsgltr (rvoxpmxali, - 0.16)
MDS2023	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	-	Levodopa/Benserazide	dqmehimzix(gqnabsivrx) = qnbcwysnwy bqhyddrjhm (gsbwylauso )	Negative	27 Aug 2023
				Placebo	dqmehimzix(gqnabsivrx) = xbncdtjxax bqhyddrjhm (gsbwylauso )
MDS2023	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	-	levodopa	brnukjuziv(ullzwcukms) = bsndjxridz nupxllcatc (krahpmpmkn )	Positive	27 Aug 2023
				levodopa	ooaaogvmjf(tottcvyfkh) = simpryussi chehawwuib (gjjtvzrzcs ) View more
INVEST study (MDS2023)	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	-	Continuous intrajejunal levodopa infusion (CILI)	djothnxcnr(iltcesvaus) = vvusmfnavo wedswsicpd (jglityajst, -2.9 to 11.0)	-	27 Aug 2023
MDS2023	Not Applicable	Parkinson Disease	3	Levodopa intake	opljnuykpk(vimfqyrudm) = dcxplqltvk gktcigixgl (qudmvnvlpw, 57.2)	Positive	27 Aug 2023

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