Butein

Butein, a rare chalcone found in the toxic plant Toxicodendron vernicifluum, has been shown to regulate glucose homeostasis via inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ)/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway in the brain. Here, we investigated whether the nonpoisonous plant Dahlia pinnata could be a source of butein as a potential treatment for type 2 diabetes (T2D). In mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce glucose intolerance, an oral D. pinnata petal extract improved glucose tolerance at doses of 3.3 mg/kg body weight and 10 mg/kg body weight. Surprisingly, this effect was not mediated by butein alone but by butein combined with the closely related flavonoids, sulfuretin and/or isoliquiritigenin. Mechanistically, the extract improved systemic insulin tolerance. Inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to block insulin signaling in the brain abrogated the glucoregulatory effect of the orally administered extract. The extract reinstated central insulin signaling and normalized astrogliosis in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed mice. Using NF-κB reporter zebrafish to determine IKKβ/NF-κB activity, a potent anti-inflammatory action of the extract was found. A randomized controlled crossover clinical trial on participants with prediabetes or T2D confirmed the safety and efficacy of the extract in humans. In conclusion, we identified an extract from the flower petals of D. pinnata as a novel treatment option for T2D, potentially targeting the central regulation of glucose homeostasis as a root cause of the disease.