Metformin glycinate

Mitochondrial biogenesis is essential for cellular energy balance and metabolic stability. Its dysregulation is linked to various metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a significant therapeutic target. Pharmacological approaches aimed at enhancing mitochondrial function have gained attention for their potential to restore cellular metabolism.

This review examines recent advancements in pharmacological strategies targeting mitochondrial biogenesis, focusing on the roles of PGC-1α, AMPK, and SIRT1, alongside novel therapeutic agents and drug delivery systems.

A systematic review of studies published between 2018 and 2023 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsevier. Keywords related to mitochondrial biogenesis and pharmacological modulation were used to identify relevant literature.

Various pharmacological agents, including resveratrol, curcumin, and metformin, activate mitochondrial biogenesis through different pathways. SIRT1 activators and AMPK agonists have shown promise in improving mitochondrial function. Advances in mitochondria-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy, yet challenges remain in clinical translation due to the complexity of mitochondrial regulation.

Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial biogenesis holds therapeutic potential for metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. While preclinical studies are promising, further research is needed to optimize drug efficacy, delivery methods, and personalized treatment strategies.

The consumption of contaminated water by humans and animals has resulted in the proliferation of various diseases and environmental pollution. In particular, pharmaceutical effluents are notable as one of the main contaminants in water bodies. Here, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized using Strychnos potatorumseed extract and acted as a reducing and capping agent. Furthermore, the nanocomposite effectively integrated ZnO with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) through reflux. ZnO NPs exhibited a hexagonal wurtzite structure with a crystallite size of 18.3 nm and spherical morphology. The few layers of rGO sheets were wrapped with ZnO NPs, as observed in FESEM images. The surface area was estimated at 28.93 and 103.77 m²/g for ZnO and ZnO-rGO, respectively. Correspondingly, the optical properties of materials correlated with energy gaps of 3.41 and 2.93 eV. The XPS analysis confirms the presence of ZnO-rGO by identifying the distinctive binding energy peaks. The ZnO-rGO nanocomposite exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity, with zones of inhibition measuring 26 mm for S. aureus and 25 mm for E. coli, compared to ZnO NPs. Further, the prepared nanomaterials were used as catalysts to degrade Amlodipine and Metformin drug pollutants under sunlight exposure. ZnO-rGO nanocomposite showed the maximum degradation efficiency of 92.68 % and 95.78 % for Amlodipine and Metformin, respectively. Overall, rGO-wrapped ZnO nanocomposite is versatile for degrading pharmaceutical pollutants and combating bacterial infections.