Emerging contaminants, especially chlorinated aromatic contaminants, are of growing concern due to their persistence in aquatic environments and the significant risks they pose to both aquatic ecosystems and human health. These pollutants resist conventional water treatment techniques, creating challenges for their removal. Microbial bioremediation, which utilizes the natural metabolic pathways of microorganisms, offers a promising and sustainable solution to mitigate their impact. This review focuses on three extensively studied chlorinated aromatic contaminants (chloramphenicol (CAP), triclosan (TCS), and triclocarban (TCC)) as case studies, providing a comprehensive analysis of their microbial degradation mechanisms. These compounds were selected based on their structural similarities, widespread environmental occurrence, and common effects on microbial ecosystems. This review highlights key metabolic pathways involved in the microbial degradation of these compounds, with a focus on their biochemical processes. It also examines various bioremediation strategies, including bioaugmentation, microbial fuel cells, and integrated approaches combining microorganisms with nanoscale materials or plants. Despite progress in understanding microbial degradation, critical aspects of the metabolic pathways remain insufficiently characterized. The enzymes and pathways involved in the degradation of CAP, TCS, and TCC are not yet fully elucidated, limiting the effectiveness of current bioremediation strategies. To overcome these knowledge gaps, we advocate for a deeper exploration of microbial enzymatic pathways, particularly microbial dechlorination, and the development of integrated, multi-technique bioremediation systems. Such innovative approaches could enhance the efficiency and scalability of bioremediation, providing effective solutions for managing these emerging contaminants.