Dyphylline

The rates of risperidone in precipitates from 5 risperidone oral solutions and tea beverages (green, black, and oolong teas) against risperidone used were measured by quantitative (q)NMR, indicating that as the amount of caffeine in the beverages increased, the rate decreased significantly. A solution of caffeine (0, 5, 10, and 30 μmol) in tartaric acid buffer (pH 3.0) was added to a solution of risperidone and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg) (each 3.0 μmol) in tartaric acid buffer (pH 3.0). Judging from the amounts of risperidone and EGCg in the precipitates, it was considered that risperidone formed a 1 : 1 complex with EGCg. As the amount of caffeine increased, the amounts of risperidone and EGCg in precipitates decreased significantly, suggesting that caffeine has a solubilizing effect on precipitates of the 1 : 1 complex of risperidone and EGCg. Furthermore, the amount of risperidone in precipitates formed when compounds with a xanthine derivative, such as diprophylline, theobromine, and theophylline, were added was less than when they were not added, indicating that such compounds with a xanthine derivative have the same solubilizing effect as caffeine on precipitate of the 1 : 1 complex of risperidone and EGCg.

Riverbank filtration (RBF) is an effective pretreatment technology for drinking water, removing organic micropollutants (OMPs) mainly through biodegradation. Despite documented improvements in OMP removal with extended adaptation time, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. This study assessed the removal of 128 OMPs over 82 d in a simulated RBF system, identified those with improved removal, and analyzed their properties. Additionally, microbial community shifts after 400 d of lincomycin exposure were studied to understand the underlying mechanisms. We found that the removal efficiencies of 24 OMPs, including lincomycin and fluconazole, improved by 3-77 % over 82 d while being positively correlated with the presence of tertiary amides and secondary sulfonamides. Lincomycin removal efficiency rose from 20 % to 95 % over 68 days and stayed high. We identified eight potential degradation products of lincomycin, occurring primarily via hydroxylation, N-demethylation, and amide hydrolysis. Additionally, lincomycin notably increased the abundances of specific antibiotic-resistant bacteria (e.g., Thiobacillus, 8.3-fold) and ammonia-oxidizing archaea (e.g., Nitrososphaera, 46.8-fold). The β-lactam resistance gene in Thiobacillus and the amoA gene in Nitrososphaera may enhance lincomycin's removal by promoting its hydrolysis and hydroxylation. Overall, this study provides insights into OMP biodegradation mechanisms and the impact of ng/L levels of lincomycin on microbial communities.