Positioning Second-line Therapies for Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia (PCP Alternatives) [A Branch of the Initial Treatment Domain of the SPIRIT-PCP Platform]

The usual first treatment for Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP) is an antibiotic called trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). However, some patients cannot take this medication because of allergies, side effects, or lack of response.
This study asks the question:
When TMP-SMX cannot be used, which alternative treatment for PCP provides the best balance of effectiveness and safety?

Start Date01 Mar 2026

Sponsor / Collaborator-

NCT06624371

/ RecruitingPhase 1IIT

Atovaquone Combined With Radiation in Children With Malignant Brain Tumors

The goal of this interventional study is to Assess the safety and tolerability of atovaquone in combination with standard radiation therapy (RT) for the treatment of pediatric patients with newly diagnosed pediatric high-grade glioma/diffuse midline glioma/diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (pHGG/DMG/DIPG).
The secondary aim is to assess the safety and tolerability of longer-term atovaquone treatment for pediatric patients with relapsed or progressed pHGG/DMG/DIPG and medulloblastoma (MB) or pHGG/DMG/DIPG after completion of RT and before progression.

Start Date28 Mar 2025

Sponsor / Collaborator

Emory University

NCT05998135

/ RecruitingPhase 2IIT

Phase II Clinical Trial Repurposing Atovaquone for the Treatment of Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer

This phase II trial test tests how well repurposing atovaquone works in treating patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Atovaquone is used for the treatment or prevention of certain infections. Atovaquone is in a class of medications called antiprotozoal agents. It works by stopping the growth of certain types of protozoa that can cause pneumonia. Giving atovaquone may be effective in treating platinum-resistant ovarian cancer and result in improved outcomes compared to standard chemotherapy regimens.

Start Date09 Nov 2023

Sponsor / Collaborator

Emory University

[+1]

100 Clinical Results associated with Atovaquone

100 Translational Medicine associated with Atovaquone

100 Patents (Medical) associated with Atovaquone

1,597

Literatures (Medical) associated with Atovaquone

01 May 2026·BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Atovaquone/proguanil use and zoster vaccination are associated with reduced Alzheimer’s disease risk in two cohorts: implications for a latent Toxoplasma gondii mechanism

Article

Author: Israel, Ariel ; Israel, Sarah ; Magen, Eli ; Merzon, Eugene ; Weizman, Abraham ; Ashkenazi, Shai ; Vinker, Shlomo

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a multifactorial and incompletely understood etiology. Identifying exposures associated with reduced AD risk may help generate mechanistic hypotheses and inform future prevention strategies. To investigate such associations, we analyzed electronic health records from a national Israeli health provider, retrospectively comparing 9124 individuals with AD to 18,248 matched controls. We systematically screened prior medication purchases recorded up to 10 years before diagnosis. Significant associations, adjusted for residual confounding, were further evaluated in the TriNetX network, where large propensity score-matched cohorts were compared for incident dementia following medication exposure or vaccination. Among all exposures assessed, strong protective associations were observed for atovaquone-proguanil, an antiprotozoal agent with established activity against Toxoplasma gondii, and for two different varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccines. These associations persisted after adjustment for demographic factors, comorbidities, and baseline healthcare utilization, and were independently reproduced in TriNetX across three strata of exposure age (50-59, 60-69, 70-79 years). In addition, T. gondii seropositivity was associated with increased dementia risk among individuals tested. In exploratory analyses, the magnitude of the association between atovaquone-proguanil and subsequent dementia appeared to differ according to prior VZV vaccination status, suggesting a possible interaction between protozoal suppression and antiviral immunity. Together, these findings provide population-level evidence consistent with a latent T. gondii-related mechanism in AD pathogenesis, and highlight testable targets for future mechanistic and interventional research.

01 Feb 2026·LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Human monoclonal antibody MAM01 for protection against malaria in adults in the USA: a first-in-human, phase 1, dose-escalation, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive trial

Article

Author: Liu, Hong ; Fitzgerald, Grace ; Berry, Andrea A ; Miller, R Scott ; Wells, Charles D ; Koudjra, Abra Rachida ; Joshi, Sudhaunshu ; Winkler, Jennifer ; Anderson, Aparna B ; Patil, Asha ; Huleatt, James ; Billingsley, Peter F ; Riegel, Julie ; Lyke, Kirsten E ; Andrews, Kayla ; Sim, B Kim Lee ; Pascini, Tales ; Butler, Lauryn ; Levi, Micha ; Laurens, Matthew B

BACKGROUND:

Malaria remains a leading cause of mortality among children in Africa, and recent advances in control have stagnated. Although new vaccines are available, protective efficacy is not optimum. Monoclonal antibodies targeting the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein have potential to simplify prevention. We assessed the safety, pharmacokinetics, and protective efficacy of MAM01, a monoclonal antibody preferentially directed against the conserved Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro (NANP) central repeat region of circumsporozoite protein.

METHODS:

This phase 1, dose-escalation, double-blind, placebo-controlled, adaptive trial was done at the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA. Adults aged 18-50 years, with no previous malaria vaccinations or infections, and BMI of 18-30 kg/m², were recruited sequentially, assigned to dose cohorts, and randomly assigned to receive the monoclonal antibody MAM01 (at 1·5, 5, 10, or 40 mg/kg intravenously or 5 mg/kg subcutaneously) or to placebo (identical buffer solution), with dose escalation staggered by 2-week intervals. Randomisation was done using an interactive response technology system. Participants and investigators were masked to treatment assignments. An untreated infectivity control was enrolled to support evaluation of protective efficacy. Participants from the MAM01 and control groups underwent controlled human malaria infection via the bites of five mosquitoes infected with P falciparum NF54 strain 18-26 weeks after monoclonal antibody or placebo administration. After malaria challenge, participants were followed up daily for ultra-sensitive PCR-based malaria detection on days 6-17, with continued follow-up of participants remaining aparasitaemic on days 20, 23, and 27. Participants who tested positive were treated with atovaquone-proguanil or artemether-lumefantrine; those who remained negative were empirically treated at day 27. A second dose of 5 mg/kg subcutaneously was administered to the cohorts that received 5 mg/kg subcutaneously or intravenously 2-4 weeks after completion of the controlled human malaria infection. The primary outcome was safety and tolerability of MAM01 at each dose level, and after second MAM01 dosing. Secondary outcomes included pharmacokinetic properties and protective efficacy (ie, presence of confirmed parasitaemia) after controlled human malaria infection. Safety was assessed in all participants who received trial intervention (MAM01 or placebo), as well as in participants who underwent controlled human malaria infection. This trial is complete and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05891236.

FINDINGS:

Between Aug 14, 2023, and Dec 13, 2024, 63 participants were assessed for eligibility, 38 were enrolled, and 37 were randomly assigned. After review of sentinel group safety data (1·5 mg/kg [n=1] and placebo [n=1]), 29 participants were assigned to receive MAM01 at doses of 1·5 mg/kg (n=5), 5 mg/kg (n=6), 10 mg/kg (n=6), or 40 mg/kg (n=6) intravenously or 5 mg/kg subcutaneously (n=6) and six were assigned to the placebo group. One participant was included as an untreated infectivity control. MAM01 administration was well tolerated. No treatment-related serious adverse events occurred after one or two doses. After controlled human malaria infection, six of six participants in the control group and 18 of 22 participants in the MAM01 group developed parasitaemia. None of three participants in the 40 mg/kg intravenous dose group developed parasitaemia. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that serum MAM01 concentrations greater than 88 μg/mL protected against malaria challenge.

INTERPRETATION:

MAM01 was well tolerated, met safety targets, and showed clinical proof-of-principle by eliciting protection in malaria-naive adults using the controlled human malaria infection model. Progress driving down the cost of goods coupled with dose selection within target populations will dictate the feasibility of malaria monoclonal antibody deployment.

FUNDING:

Gates Foundation.

01 Jan 2026·BRAIN BEHAVIOR AND IMMUNITY

Systematic screening identifies medication and disease factors associated with schizophrenia risk

Article

Author: Israel, Ariel ; Merzon, Eugene ; Israel, Sarah ; Magen, Eli ; Stokar, Joshua ; Ashkenazi, Shai ; Vinker, Shlomo ; Weizman, Abraham

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe psychiatric disorder with a complex and poorly understood etiology. Previous studies have linked Toxoplasma gondii infection to SCZ, though its clinical relevance remains uncertain. To identify factors associated with SCZ risk, we analyzed electronic health records from a national Israeli health provider, retrospectively comparing 3,273 individuals with SCZ to 32,730 matched controls. We systematically screened all medication purchases and medical diagnoses recorded from 10 years to 30 days before SCZ onset. Significant associations, adjusted for residual confounding, were further evaluated in the TriNetX network, where large propensity score-matched cohorts were compared for incident SCZ following medication exposure. Among all medication classes screened, strong protective associations were detected for specific antimicrobials, notably atovaquone/proguanil, clindamycin, and ophthalmic fluoroquinolones. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, particularly COX-2 inhibitors, were also linked to reduced SCZ risk, whereas neomycin, tramadol, and desmopressin were associated with increased risk. Key associations were confirmed within TriNetX with high statistical significance. These observational findings, reproduced across two national cohorts, are hypothesis-generating and may reflect multiple, non-exclusive mechanisms, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and microbiome-related pathways, with T. gondii elimination through antiprotozoal activity representing one compelling explanatory hypothesis that warrants further investigation.

News (Medical) associated with Atovaquone

05 Jun 2024

·www.drugs.com

A Malaria Drug, Tafenoquine, May Combat Tick-Borne Babesiosis

WEDNESDAY, June 5, 2024 -- A malaria drug could help immune-compromised people who can’t shake off babesiosis , a tick-borne parasitic infection, a new study says. The drug tafenoquine helped cure four New England patients whose babesiosis infections weren’t knocked out by the usual standard of care, researchers reported recently in the journal Clinical Infectious Diseases . “Tafenoquine is going to make a huge difference, I think, in people who are severely immunocompromised,” said study first author Dr. Peter Krause , a senior research scientist in the Yale School of Public Health Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases. Babesiosis is one of the most common tick-borne diseases in the world. In the United States, it’s found in the Northeast and upper Midwest. It’s caused by parasitic microorganisms, and was first reported in humans in 1957, researchers said in background notes. As with malaria, the parasite invades red blood cells, which gave researchers the idea of trying tafenoquine against it. The infection typically causes fever, sweats, chills, headache, fatigue, weakness, and joint and muscle pain. Babesiosis is typically treated using a straightforward two-drug combination of the antibiotics atovaquone and azithromycin, researchers said. This combo “works in virtually every patient with mild disease,” said study co-author Edouard Vannier , an assistant professor in the Tufts Medical Center’s Division of Geographic Medicine and Infectious Diseases in Boston. However, the babesiosis parasite has been developing resistance against this therapy, researchers said. “In patients who are severely ill and severely immunocompromised, because resolution does not happen fast enough, the parasite has a chance to mutate,” Vannier explained in a Yale news release. “Very often, atovaquone resistance is noted.” Faced with such resistance, patients can suffer a relapse into severe babesiosis. Among those who relapse, as many as one-fifth die, researchers said. The patients in this new study had immune deficiencies, and they suffered dangerous relapses after the two-drug therapy didn’t knock out the parasite. Four out of five patients were cured after receiving tafenoquine, researchers report. In the successful cases, tafenoquine was administered along with other antibiotics or malaria treatments like atovaquone, proguanil, azithromycin and clindamycin. The fifth patient received tafenoquine on its own, and that failed to clear the infection. Still, researchers found that tafenoquine overcame the resistance of the babesiosis parasite. In the future, doctors might wind up testing a babesiosis patient to see which specific resistances their parasites have developed, and then choosing appropriate drugs to counter them, Vannier said. “Testing for mutations is the future of treating these patients and opens the door to personalized medicine,” Vannier said. “The whole idea is to tailor the therapy to the patient.” Whatever your topic of interest, subscribe to our newsletters to get the best of Drugs.com in your inbox.

Clinical Result

08 May 2024

·www.biospace.com

60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals Outlines Upcoming Clinical Trial of Tafenoquine in Babesiosis in Letter to Journal of Infectious Diseases

The U.S. medical scientific community is calling for clinical studies to expand shared understanding of babesiosis, an emerging tick-borne illness. The upcoming 60 Degrees Pharma clinical trial of tafenoquine in treating babesiosis will be the first and only such study to date. Enrollment is planned to begin in summer 2024. The Journal of Infectious Diseases has published a letter outlining the planned trial protocol. WASHINGTON, May 08, 2024 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (NASDAQ: SXTP; SXTPW) (the “Company”), a pharmaceutical company focused on developing new medicines for infectious diseases, announced today that a letter, titled Trial Planned to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Tafenoquine + Atovaquone/Azithromycin in Hospitalized Babesiosis Patients, authored by the Company’s Chief Executive Officer, Geoff Dow, PhD, has been published in the Journal of Infectious Diseases. Dr. Dow’s letter responds to comments made on a recent article published in the Journal, “Tafenoquine-atovaquone combination achieves radical cure and confers sterile immunity in experimental models of human babesiosis.” Those comments, by M Liu M, EM Galon EM, S Ji, and X Xuan, called for more published medical literature on safely and effectively treating babesiosis. Dr. Dow’s response to those comments outlines plans by 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals to launch a clinical trial to study the use of tafenoquine in treating human babesiosis. The Company plans to begin enrolling babesiosis patients this summer. The study will be the first and only of its kind in the United States to date. “A significant unmet medical need exists in North America, Europe, and Northeast Asia for new or improved methods of treatment and prevention of all forms of babesiosis, and for clinical trials dedicated to that end,” said Dr. Dow. “In close consultation with key opinion leaders in the field, we recently submitted a clinical protocol to the Food and Drug Administration. We are confident that the results of this study will add meaningfully to the global medical community’s understanding of this very serious, emerging, tick-borne infectious disease.” The 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals babesiosis study protocol evaluates a triple combination of 800 milligrams of tafenoquine plus the recommended standard of care – which is atovaquone-azithromycin for at least 10 days – versus matching placebo and atovaquone-azithromycin in hospitalized patients with babesiosis. Tafenoquine is approved for malaria prophylaxis in the United States under the product name ARAKODA®. The safety of the approved regimen of tafenoquine for malaria prophylaxis has been assessed in five separate randomized, double-blind, active comparator or placebo-controlled trials for durations of up to six months. Tafenoquine has not been proven to be effective for treatment or prevention of babesiosis and is not approved by the FDA for such an indication. Babesiosis, a potentially life-threatening disease in immunosuppressed patients, is a tick-borne illness steadily emerging in the United States. About Babesiosis and the Tafenoquine Study This study is a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial anticipated to enroll at least 24 patients in the U.S. in 2024. The two main study endpoints will be time to sustained clinical resolution of symptoms of babesiosis and molecular cure as determined by an FDA-approved nucleic acid test. The study will be conducted at three hospitals in the northeastern United States. The efficacy and safety of 8-aminoquinolines, a class of drugs that includes tafenoquine and primaquine, for prevention and treatment of malaria is well established. The appearance of several case studies of tafenoquine use for babesiosis in the literature suggests that the drug is being used for this purpose in the practice of medicine in the U.S. There may be approximately 47,000 cases per year in the U.S. based on the observation of 476,000 Lyme infections and an estimated babesiosis coinfection rate of 10 percent. About ARAKODA® (tafenoquine) Tafenoquine was discovered by Walter Reed Army Institute of Research and the current study was funded by the United States Army Medical & Materiel Development Activity. Tafenoquine was approved for malaria prophylaxis in 2018 in the United States as ARAKODA®and in Australia as KODATEF®. Both were commercially launched in 2019 and are currently distributed through pharmaceutical wholesaler networks in each respective country. They are available at retail pharmacies as a prescription-only malaria prevention drug. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the long terminal half-life of tafenoquine, which is approximately 16 days, may offer potential advantages in less-frequent dosing for prophylaxis for malaria. ARAKODA® is not suitable for everyone, and patients and prescribers should review the Important Safety Information below. Individuals at risk of contracting malaria are prescribed ARAKODA® 2 x 100 mg tablets once per day for three days (the loading phase) prior to travel to an area of the world where malaria is endemic, 2 x 100 mg tablets weekly for up to six months during travel, then 2 x 100 mg in the week following travel. ARAKODA® (tafenoquine) Important Safety Information ARAKODA® is an antimalarial indicated for the prophylaxis of malaria in patients aged 18 years of age and older. Contraindications ARAKODA® should not be administered to: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (“G6PD”) deficiency or unknown G6PD status; Breastfeeding by a lactating woman when the infant is found to be G6PD deficient or if G6PD status is unknown; Patients with a history of psychotic disorders or current psychotic symptoms; or Known hypersensitivity reactions to tafenoquine, other 8-aminoquinolines, or any component of ARAKODA®. Warnings and Precautions Hemolytic Anemia: G6PD testing must be performed before prescribing ARAKODA® due to the risk of hemolytic anemia. Monitor patients for signs or symptoms of hemolysis. G6PD Deficiency in Pregnancy or Lactation: ARAKODA® may cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman with a G6PD-deficient fetus. ARAKODA® is not recommended during pregnancy. A G6PD-deficient infant may be at risk for hemolytic anemia from exposure to ARAKODA® through breast milk. Check infant’s G6PD status before breastfeeding begins. Methemoglobinemia: Asymptomatic elevations in blood methemoglobin have been observed. Initiate appropriate therapy if signs or symptoms of methemoglobinemia occur. Psychiatric Effects: Serious psychotic adverse reactions have been observed in patients with a history of psychosis or schizophrenia, at doses different from the approved dose. If psychotic symptoms (hallucinations, delusions or grossly disorganized thinking or behavior) occur, consider discontinuation of ARAKODA® therapy and evaluation by a mental health professional as soon as possible. Hypersensitivity Reactions: Serious hypersensitivity reactions have been observed with administration of ARAKODA®. If hypersensitivity reactions occur, institute appropriate therapy. Delayed Adverse Reactions: Due to the long half-life of ARAKODA® (approximately 16 days), psychiatric effects, hemolytic anemia, methemoglobinemia and hypersensitivity reactions may be delayed in onset and/or duration. Adverse Reactions: The most common adverse reactions (incidence greater than or equal to 1 percent) were: headache, dizziness, back pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, increased alanine aminotransferase, motion sickness, insomnia, depression, abnormal dreams and anxiety. Drug Interactions Avoid co-administration with drugs that are substrates of organic cation transporter-2 (OCT2) or multidrug and toxin extrusion transporters. Use in Specific Populations Lactation: Advise women not to breastfeed a G6PD-deficient infant or infant with unknown G6PD status during treatment and for 3 months after the last dose of ARAKODA®. To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1- 888-834-0225 or the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or The full prescribing information of ARAKODA® is located here. About 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc., founded in 2010, specializes in developing and marketing new medicines for the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases that affect the lives of millions of people. 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. achieved FDA approval of its lead product, ARAKODA® (tafenoquine), for malaria prevention, in 2018. 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. also collaborates with prominent research organizations in the U.S., Australia, and Singapore. The 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. mission has been supported through in-kind funding from the U.S. Department of Defense and private institutional investors including Knight Therapeutics Inc., a Canadian-based pan-American specialty pharmaceutical company. 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is headquartered in Washington D.C., with a majority-owned subsidiary in Australia. Learn more at . Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements This press release may contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward‐looking statements reflect the current view about future events. When used in this press release, the words “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “expect,” “future,” “intend,” “plan,” or the negative of these terms and similar expressions, as they relate to us or our management, identify forward‐looking statements. Forward-looking statements are neither historical facts nor assurances of future performance. Instead, they are based only on our current beliefs, expectations and assumptions regarding the future of our business, future plans and strategies, projections, anticipated events and trends, the economy, activities of regulators and future regulations and other future conditions. Because forward-looking statements relate to the future, they are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict and many of which are outside of our control. Our actual results and financial condition may differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements. Therefore, you should not rely on any of these forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition to differ materially from those indicated in the forward-looking statements include, among others, the following: there is substantial doubt as to our ability to continue on a going-concern basis; we might not be eligible for Australian government research and development tax rebates; if we are not able to successfully develop, obtain FDA approval for, and provide for the commercialization of non-malaria prevention indications for tafenoquine (ARAKODA® or other regimen) or Celgosivir in a timely manner, we may not be able to expand our business operations; we may not be able to successfully conduct planned clinical trials; and we have no manufacturing capacity which puts us at risk of lengthy and costly delays of bringing our products to market. More detailed information about the Company and the risk factors that may affect the realization of forward-looking statements is set forth in the Company’s filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including the information contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC on April 1, 2024, and our subsequent SEC filings. Investors and security holders are urged to read these documents free of charge on the SEC’s web site at As a result of these matters, changes in facts, assumptions not being realized or other circumstances, the Company’s actual results may differ materially from the expected results discussed in the forward-looking statements contained in this press release. Any forward-looking statement made by us in this press release is based only on information currently available to us and speaks only as of the date on which it is made. We undertake no obligation to publicly update any forward-looking statement, whether written or oral, that may be made from time to time, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise. Media Contact: Sheila A. Burke SheilaBurke-consultant@60degreespharma.com (484) 667-6330 Investor Contact: Patrick Gaynes patrickgaynes@60degreespharma.com (310) 989-5666

Drug ApprovalClinical Study

24 Nov 2023

·synapse.patsnap.com

What are DHFR inhibitors and how do you quickly get the latest development progress?

DHFR, or dihydrofolate reductase, plays a crucial role in the human body as an enzyme involved in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and amino acids. It catalyzes the conversion of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF), a vital coenzyme required for the production of nucleotides. THF is essential for cell division, growth, and repair, making DHFR an important target for pharmaceutical interventions. Inhibition of DHFR activity can disrupt the folate metabolism pathway, leading to impaired DNA synthesis and cell proliferation. Consequently, DHFR inhibitors are widely used in chemotherapy to treat cancer and other diseases characterized by excessive cell growth. In cancer treatment, a good and effective DHFR inhibitor should not only possess a strong affinity with reductase but also be highly specifically taken up by transport proteins. The binding capability of these compounds with DHFR may slightly decrease. However, their affinity with the RFC transport protein is enhanced, enabling them to inhibit tumor growth equivalently as Methotrexate. The efficient binding of RFC transport protein with its folic acid analogs presents new prospects for tumor treatment. Malignant cells would overexpress RFC transport protein to ensure their continuously growing demand for folic acid is met. Apart from serving as chemotherapeutic drugs for tumors, anti-folate inhibitors such as Methoxybenzylpyrimidine27.19 exhibit antibacterial activity due to their capability of directly inhibiting the corresponding bacterial reductase. The analysis of the target DHFR reveals a competitive landscape with multiple companies actively developing drugs. Pfizer Inc., medac Gesellschaft für klinische Spezialpräparate mbH, Sunflower Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., and Spectrum Pharmaceuticals, Inc. are the companies growing fastest under this target. The highest stage of development for the target DHFR is the approved phase, with small molecule drugs being the most rapidly progressing drug type. The approved indications for drugs targeting DHFR include Malaria, Urinary Tract Infections, Bacterial Infections, and several others. China is the country with the fastest development under the target DHFR, followed by the United States, the European Union, and Japan. The future development of the target DHFR is expected to continue with a focus on small molecule drugs and expanding indications. Unveiling DHFR Inhibitors: A Potent Weapon in Treating Cancer and Microbial InfectionsDHFR inhibitors are a type of medication or compound that specifically target and inhibit the activity of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). DHFR is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the synthesis of DNA, RNA, and proteins by catalyzing the conversion of dihydrofolate (DHF) to tetrahydrofolate (THF), which is an essential cofactor in these biological processes. From a biomedical perspective, DHFR inhibitors are commonly used in the treatment of various diseases, particularly cancer and microbial infections. By inhibiting DHFR, these inhibitors disrupt the production of THF, leading to a depletion of folate levels in cells. Since folate is necessary for the synthesis of nucleotides, which are building blocks of DNA and RNA, inhibiting DHFR effectively impairs the growth and proliferation of cancer cells or pathogenic microorganisms. DHFR inhibitors can be classified into different types based on their chemical structures and mechanisms of action. Some examples include methotrexate, trimethoprim, and pyrimethamine. These inhibitors are often used in combination with other drugs or therapies to enhance their effectiveness and minimize the development of drug resistance. It is important to note that DHFR inhibitors may have side effects, and their usage should be carefully monitored by healthcare professionals. Additionally, the specific indications and dosages of DHFR inhibitors may vary depending on the disease being treated and the patient's individual characteristics. List of DHFR InhibitorsThe currently marketed DHFR inhibitors include: PralatrexatePemetrexed Disodium HydrateChloroquine Phosphate/Proguanil HydrochlorideAtovaquone/Proguanil HydrochlorideBrodimoprimGentamicin Sulfate/TrimethoprimSulfamethoxazole/Sulfadiazine/TrimethoprimCefalexin/TrimethoprimPyrimethamine/SulfadoxineTrimethoprim HydrochlorideFor more information, please click on the image below. What are DHFR inhibitors used for?DHFR inhibitors have strong potential in addressing bacterial infections and breast cancer.For more information, please click on the image below to log in and search. How to obtain the latest development progress of DHFR inhibitors?In the Synapse database, you can keep abreast of the latest research and development advances of DHFR inhibitors anywhere and anytime, daily or weekly, through the "Set Alert" function. Click on the image below to embark on a brand new journey of drug discovery!

100 Deals associated with Atovaquone

External Link

KEGG	Wiki	ATC	Drug Bank
D00236	Atovaquone	P01AX06	DB01117

R&D Status

Approved

10 top approved records.

to view more data

Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis	United States	GlaxoSmithKline LLC	25 Nov 1992

Developing

10 top R&D records.

to view more data

Indication	Highest Phase	Country/Location	Organization	Date
HIV Infections	Phase 3	United States	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Malaria, Falciparum	Phase 2	Thailand	Modus Therapeutics AB	01 Sep 2011
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	United States	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	Belgium	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	Canada	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	France	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	Germany	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	Netherlands	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	Puerto Rico	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome	Phase 2	United Kingdom	Glaxo Wellcome SA	31 Aug 2001

Clinical Result

Indication

Phase

Evaluation

View All Results

Study	Phase	Population	Analyzed Enrollment	Group	Results	Evaluation	Publication Date


NCT04648033 (ARCADIAN, CTgov)	Phase 1	Locally Advanced Malignant Neoplasm \| Locally Advanced Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma	21	Standard of care radiotherapy+Atovaquone Oral Suspension (Dose Level 1 - 450 mg BD Atovaquone + Concurrent CRT)	noptelazad = hgkrbadusz upbdrpaatx (mazivztpqz, soglvumfza - npzuznwgta) View more	-	25 Nov 2024
NCT04648033 (ARCADIAN, CTgov)	Phase 1		21	Standard of care radiotherapy+Atovaquone Oral Suspension (Dose Level 2 - 600 mg BD Atovaquone + Concurrent CRT)	noptelazad = wntmwpwlub upbdrpaatx (mazivztpqz, thlguldhfs - lsybxujcvi) View more	-	25 Nov 2024
ASTRO2020	Not Applicable	Resectable Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma	-	Atovaquone 750mg bd	rgyzmyyitf(sjrxdyjcjs) = yiamotykca hwtgetcjsf (vlafasawmr, -58.2 to -4.4)	-	01 Nov 2020
ARVO2008	Not Applicable	Chorioretinitis	26	Atovaquone	jicclrfbqg(ajoktwzbro) = wsxguzsmls pmkopxvjor (tjhfeherrw )	Positive	01 May 2008

Translational Medicine

Boost your research with our translational medicine data.

view full example data

Deal

Boost your decision using our deal data.

view full example data

Core Patent

Boost your research with our Core Patent data.

view full example data

Clinical Trial

Identify the latest clinical trials across global registries.

view full example data

Approval

Accelerate your research with the latest regulatory approval information.

view full example data

Regulation

Understand key drug designations in just a few clicks with Synapse.

view full example data

Hiro LS Researcher

The AI Search Engine Built to Accelerate Biopharma Decisions

Search across billion-scale life sciences data to uncover signals, validate evidence, and act with confidence.

Ask any biopharma research question→

Get started for free today!

Accelerate Strategic R&D decision making with Synapse, Patsnap’s AI-powered Connected Innovation Intelligence Platform Built for Life Sciences Professionals.

Discover Synapse Data Servers

Synapse data is now integrated into the PatSnap LS Model Context Protocol (MCP) service. Customize your LLM agent now using our MCP server!

Bio

Bio Sequences Search & Analysis

Chemical

Chemical Structures Search & Analysis