Amino Acids

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is a common food allergy in infants and young children that can have a significant impact on the individual and their family due to dietary restrictions, risk of nutritional deficiencies, social limitations, and decreased quality of life. It also represents a financial burden for families and healthcare resources.
There is an ongoing debate about the significance of early exposure to cow's milk proteins within hours or days after birth and its relationship to the risk of developing CMA later in life. Current recommendations for early introduction of cow's milk proteins in infants who cannot be breastfed vary and are inconsistent due to a lack of clear evidence. This knowledge gap underscores the need for further research to provide a definitive understanding of the relationship between early exposure to cow's milk proteins and the development of CMA, which will ultimately inform evidence-based prevention strategies to improve the health and well-being of affected individuals and their families.
This trial aims to investigate whether early supplementation with various nutritional interventions (cow's milk formula [CMF], amino acids formula [AAF], donor human milk [DHM], or high-pressure processed "pascalized" donor human milk [DHM-P]) could serve as an effective strategy for the primary prevention of CMA in breastfed neonates.
This study is an open-label randomized, controlled, head-to-head trial with four parallel arms and allocation 1:1:1:1.

Muscle tissue consists of proteins. These proteins are built up of a collection of smaller building blocks: amino acids. When protein is consumed, it gets digested and absorbed into the blood. The body can use these amino acids, by taking them up from thecirculation. By consuming sufficient protein through our diet, we ensure that the body is provided with enough amino acids to enable muscle protein building. Sufficient muscle protein synthesis is important for maintaining muscle function and strength.
Previous research has shown that when 20 to 25g of protein is eaten, muscle protein synthesis is maximized. It is therefore recommended to eat 20g of protein per meal. However, it is currently unclear what happens to muscle protein synthesis rates if multiple meals are eaten. When multiple meals are consumed, amino acids appear in the circulation for prolonged period of time.
Theoretically, when there are a high amino acid concentrations in the blood, muscle protein synthesis rates will increase. Contrary to this theory, a study more than 20 years ago showed otherwise. It was observed that muscle protein synthesis rates are only elevated for2 hours afterwhich they decrease again. This phenomenon was referred to as the "muscle-full" effect. Because this phenomenon is in contrast with more previous studies, the objective is to replicate that study. This is important so that nutritional advice for healthy, but also clinical populations in the future can be improved.