Ocaratuzumab

CD20 monoclonal antibodies (CD20 mAb) induce cellular cytotoxicity, which is traditionally measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays. However, data suggest that antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) is the primary cytotoxic mechanism. We directly compared in vitro ADCP versus ADCC using primary human cells. After establishing the primacy of ADCP, we examined next-generation CD20 mAbs, including clinically relevant drug combinations for their effects on ADCP. ADCP and ADCC induction by rituximab, ofatumumab, obinutuzumab, or ocaratuzumab was measured using treatment-naïve chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) target cells and either human monocyte-derived macrophages (for ADCP) or natural killer (NK) cells (for ADCC). Specific effects on ADCP were evaluated for clinically relevant drug combinations using BTK inhibitors (ibrutinib and acalabrutinib), PI3Kδ inhibitors (idelalisib, ACP-319, and umbralisib), and the BCL2 inhibitor venetoclax. ADCP (∼0.5–3 targets/macrophage) was >10-fold more cytotoxic than ADCC (∼0.04–0.1 targets/NK cell). ADCC did not correlate with ADCP. Next-generation mAbs ocaratuzumab and ofatumumab induced ADCP at 10-fold lower concentrations than rituximab. Ofatumumab, selected for enhanced complement activation, significantly increased ADCP in the presence of complement. CD20 mAb-induced ADCP was not inhibited by venetoclax and was less inhibited by acalabrutinib versus ibrutinib and umbralisib versus idelalisib. Overall, ADCP was a better measure of clinically relevant mAb-induced cellular cytotoxicity, and next-generation mAbs could activate ADCP at significantly lower concentrations, suggesting the need to test a wide range of dose sizes and intervals to establish optimal therapeutic regimens. Complement activation by mAbs can contribute to ADCP, and venetoclax, acalabrutinib, and umbralisib are preferred candidates for multidrug therapeutic regimens. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1150–60. ©2018 AACR.

The anti-CD20 antibodies represent a major advancement in the therapeutic options available for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The addition of rituximab, ofatumumab and obinutuzumab to various chemotherapy regimens has led to considerable improvements in both response and survival. Ocaratuzumab, veltuzumab and ublituximab are currently being explored within the trial setting. We review the current status of these antibodies, and discuss how their mechanisms of action may impact on the choice of combinations with novel small molecule agents.