Recombinant anti-CD20 humanized monoclonal antibody(Shanghai Pharmaceuticals Holding Co., Ltd.)

Biochar application in rice production reduces nitrogen loss and greenhouse gases. We conducted in situ experiments for 3 years, with N₂₁₀B₀ (210 kg N ha^-1) as the control. Two biochar application methods (B₁:15 t ha^-1 biochar applied once and B₂: biochar applied three times at 5 t ha^-1 yr^-1) combined with two nitrogen levels (N₂₁₀: 210 kg N ha^-1 and N₁₆₈: 168 kg N ha^-1) were used. Soil physicochemical properties, CH₄ and N₂O emissions, functional gene abundance, rice yield, and nitrogen use efficiency were analyzed. Both methods improved the physicochemical properties of the soil, however, B₁ was less effective than B₂ in increasing soil pH, bulk density, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen in year 3. B₁ had a higher CH₄ emission mitigation effect than B₂ in 3 consecutive years, mainly due to the higher pmoA gene abundance. B₁ showed a higher reduction effect of N₂O emissions compared to B₂ in year 1, but the opposite was observed in years 2 and 3. B₂ had a higher abundance of AOB, nirK, and nosZ genes compared to B₁ in year 3. Compared with N₂₁₀B₀, rice yields were increased by 9.1 %, 9.6 %, and 3.6 % with N₂₁₀B₁, N₂₁₀B_2, and N₁₆₈B₂, respectively, over 3 years, while N₁₆₈B₁ improved yields in the previous 2 years. Biochar improved nitrogen use efficiency over 3 consecutive years directly due to increased use efficiency of panicle fertilizer; the effect of B₁ was greater than that of B₂ during years 1 and 2, while the opposite was observed in year 3. Both Biochar applied once and three times appeared to be promising practices to increase yield and mitigate GHGs. From the GHGI perspective, the biochar applied once combined with 168 kg N ha^-1 can further improve nitrogen use efficiency, and reduce GHGs without hindering improvements in rice yield.

Apple ring rot caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is an important disease that leads to severe quality deterioration and yield loss at pre-harvest and postharvest stages. Therefore, it is urgent to develop safe and efficient measures to control this disease. The objective of the present study was to investigate the biocontrol features of Pseudomonas syringae B-1 against B. dothidea and explore its mechanism of action utilizing in vitro and in vivo assays. The results showed that P. syringae B-1 strongly reduced the incidence of apple ring rot and lesion diameter by 41.2 and 90.2%, respectively, in comparison to the control fruit. In addition, the control efficiency of strain B-1 against B. dothidea infection depended on its concentration and the interval time. P. syringae B-1 cells showed higher inhibitory activities than its culture filtrates on the mycelial growth and spore germination of B. dothidea. Moreover, P. syringae B-1 treatment alleviated electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, and H₂O₂ accumulation in B. dothidea-infected apple fruit by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities, including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and ascorbate peroxidase. We also found that strain B-1 treatment enhanced four defense-related enzyme activities and stimulated the accumulation of three disease-resistant substances including phenolics, lignin, and salicylic acid (SA) in apple fruit. In addition, strain B-1 triggered the upregulated expression of defense-related genes such as PR genes (PR1, PR5, GLU, and CHI) and two genes involved in the biosynthesis of SA (SID2 and PAD4) to promote the resistance potential in apple fruit. Hence, our results suggest that P. syringae B-1 is a promising strategy against B. dothidea, mainly through reducing oxidative damage, activating defense-related enzymes, accumulating disease-resistant substances, and triggering the expression of resistance-correlated genes in apple fruit.