Compound aluminum sulfate

The assessment of amphibian responses as bioindicators of exposure to chemical pollutants is an important tool for conservation of native species. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn) exposure on survival, body size, morphology (malformations), and immune system (leukocyte profile) in P. cuvieri tadpoles. Ecotoxicological analyses were performed utilizing chronic toxicity tests in which 210 tadpoles at the 25^th Gosner developmental stage were exposed to Al and Zn. Individuals of P. cuvieri were maintained in glass containers containing various concentrations of aluminum sulfate (0.1, 0.2, or 0.3 mg/L) and zinc sulfate (0.18, 0.27 or 0.35 mg/L), and tests were performed in triplicate. After 14 days, amphibians were weighed, measured and survival rate, malformations in the oral and intestine apparatus, leukocyte profile, and ratio between neutrophils and lymphocytes determined. The differing concentrations of Al and Zn did not produce lethality in P. cuvieri where 95% of the animals survived 326 hr following metal exposure. Individuals exposed to Zn achieved greater body growth and weight gain compared to controls. Aluminum increased weight gain compared controls. These metals also produced malformations of the oral and intestine apparatus and enhanced occurrence of hemorrhages, especially at the highest doses. Lymphocytes were the predominant cells among leukocytes, with lymphopenia and neutrophilia observed following Al and Zn treatment, as evidenced by elevated neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, an important indicator of stress in animals. Data suggest that further studies need to be carried out, even with metal concentrations higher than those prescribed by CONAMA, to ensure the conservation of this species.

Although there have been many research results on the chemical activation of fly ash (FA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM) in cementitious materials. However, there is a lack of research on the use of CO₂ foaming agent (sodium bicarbonate and potassium aluminum sulfate) to activate fly ash. In this experiment, the effects of CO₂ foaming agent, sodium bicarbonate, and potassium aluminum sulfate on the activity of FA mixed paste were investigated. The mechanism of FA activation by activator was revealed by selective acid dissolution, QXRD, BSE-EDS statistical analysis, and quantitative analysis of TGA. The results showed that the remaining fly ash amounts of MG, SBG, and PASG after 28 days were 17.5%, 25.9%, and 43.3% lower than those of the control group, respectively. In addition, potassium aluminium sulphate promoted hydration to generate more CH to activate the FA. Sodium bicarbonate promoted hydration and produces more CH to activate FA by generating nano-CaCO₃. The mixture of sodium bicarbonate and potassium aluminum sulfate took advantage of both nano-CaCO₃ and potassium aluminum sulfate to promote silicate hydration to provide CH. As a result, the two synergistically activate FA. The above results show that CO₂ foaming agents can be used not only as foaming agents to prepare lightweight materials, but also as chemical activators to activate solid waste. This will have a high practical application value.