Koumine Hydrochloride

In this study, an innovative, rapid, and automated method for quantifying six Gelsemium elegans alkaloids in biological samples using magnetic dispersive solid‐phase extraction (MDSPE) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). Magnetic HLB extractant, NaH 2 PO 4 /Na 2 HPO 4 buffer (0.2 M, pH 7) and acetonitrile were used in automatic MDSPE. The average pretreatment time was less than 2 min per sample. Atropine‐d3 was employed as the internal standard (IS). The six alkaloids demonstrated a linear response ( R2 > 0.997) in the concentration range of 1∼100 ng/mL and 2∼200 ng/g. Precision and accuracy were within ± 15%, and the extraction recovery rates for each alkaloid ranged from 60.32% to 105.32%. The samples were found to be stable under various conditions. In summary, we present the first automated MDSPE‐LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of six Gelsemium elegans alkaloids (gelsemine, koumine, humantenmine, humantenine, humantenidine, and humantenirine) in multiple biological matrices (whole blood, urine, liver). Unlike prior studies focused on one to two analytes or single matrices, this method achieves unparalleled specificity for six alkaloids with detection limits up to 0.01 ng/mL (0.02 ng/g), addressing critical gaps in forensic toxicology for complex poisoning cases.

Macrophage polarization, switching between pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 states, is crucial for disease dynamics in inflammatory, metabolic, and cancer contexts. Modulating this polarization is a clinical challenge, but natural alkaloids, with their potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, show promise in reprogramming macrophage phenotypes.

This review explores the applications of natural alkaloids-such as matrine, berberine, koumine, sophoridine, and curcumin-in modulating macrophage polarization. It aims to highlight their potential in reprogramming macrophage phenotypes and improving therapeutic outcomes across various diseases.

A comprehensive literature review was conducted using databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar, employing targeted keywords related to natural alkaloids, macrophage polarization, and disease treatment. The analysis primarily focused on articles published between 2020 and 2024.

This review summarizes how natural alkaloids regulate macrophage polarization, promoting the M2 phenotype to reduce inflammation, thereby playing a therapeutic role in anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and metabolic diseases. At the same time, they also promote M1 polarization to inhibit tumor development.

Accumulating evidence demonstrates that macrophage polarization regulation by natural alkaloids holds notable clinical value for disease intervention. They alleviate inflammation, enhance antitumor immunity, and improve treatment outcomes, demonstrating their importance in innovative therapeutic strategies. Moreover, combining alkaloids with immunotherapy enhances treatment efficacy, further highlighting their versatility in a variety of therapeutic applications.