Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) are battery-powered devices introduced to the market as safer alternatives to combustible cigarettes. Upon heating the electronic liquid (e-liquid), aerosols are released, including several toxicants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Benzene has been given great attention as a major component of the VOCs group as it increases cancer risk upon inhalation. In this study, several basic e-liquids were tested for benzene emissions. The Aerosol Lab Vaping Instrument was used to generate aerosols from ENDS composed of different e-liquid combinations: vegetable glycerin (VG), propylene glycol (PG), nicotine (nic), and benzoic acid (BA). The tested mixtures included PG, PG + nic + BA, VG, VG + nic + BA, 30/70 PG/VG, and 30/70 PG/VG + nic + BA. A carboxen polydimethylsiloxane fiber for a solid-phase microextraction was placed in a gas cell to trap benzene emitted from a Sub-Ohm Minibox C device. Benzene was adsorbed on the fiber during the puffing process and for an extra 15 min until it reached equilibrium, and then it was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Benzene was quantified in VG but not in PG or the 30/70 PG/VG mixtures. However, benzene concentration increased in all tested mixtures upon the addition of nicotine benzoate salt. Interestingly, benzene was emitted at the highest concentration when BA was added to PG. However, lower concentrations were found in the 30/70 PG/VG and VG mixtures with BA. Both VG and BA are sources of benzene. Enhanced emissions, however, are mostly noticeable when BA is mixed with PG and not VG.

01 Feb 2024·Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

Conventional and multi-omics assessments of subacute inhalation toxicity due to propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin aerosol produced by electronic cigarettes

Article

Author: Zhao, Jing ; Liu, Zhang ; Lu, Jin ; Liu, Xin-An ; Fan, Qiming ; Jing, Xiaoyuan ; Li, Ding ; Liu, Chuan ; Fu, Guofeng ; Xu, Zhibin ; Pei, Lanjie ; Chen, Zuxin ; Wang, Ruoxi ; Chu, Ming ; Zeng, Zhi ; Deng, Jingjing

Propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerin (VG) are the most common solvents used in electronic cigarette liquids. No long-term inhalation toxicity assessments have been performed combining conventional and multi-omics approaches on the potential respiratory effects of the solvents in vivo. In this study, the systemic toxicity of aerosol generated from a ceramic heating coil-based e-cigarette was evaluated. First, the aerosol properties were characterized, including carbonyl emissions, the particle size distribution, and aerosol temperatures. To determine toxicological effects, rats were exposed, through their nose only, to filtered air or a propylene glycol (PG)/ glycerin (VG) (50:50, %W/W) aerosol mixture at the target concentration of 3 mg/L for six hours daily over a continuous 28-day period. Compared with the air group, female rats in the PG/VG group exhibited significantly lower body weights during both the exposure period and recovery period, and this was linked to a reduced food intake. Male rats in the PG/VG group also experienced a significant decline in body weight during the exposure period. Importantly, rats exposed to the PG/VG aerosol showed only minimal biological effects compared to those with only air exposure, with no signs of toxicity. Moreover, the transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses of the rat lung tissues following aerosol exposure revealed a series of candidate pathways linking aerosol inhalation to altered lung functions, especially the inflammatory response and disease. Dysregulated pathways of arachidonic acids, the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and the hematopoietic cell lineage were revealed through integrated multi-omics analysis. Therefore, our integrated multi-omics approach offers novel systemic insights and early evidence of environmental-related health hazards associated with an e-cigarette aerosol using two carrier solvents in a rat model.

01 Jan 2024·Transplantation Proceedings

Low-Dose vs Standard-Dose Valganciclovir for Cytomegalovirus Prophylaxis After Kidney Transplantation: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis

Article

Author: Wagner, Laszlo ; Dinnyes, Izabella ; Rem, Lili ; Varga, Marina ; Farkas, Katalin ; Huszty, Gergely ; Remport, Adam ; Telkes, Gabor ; Piros, Laszlo ; Szijarto, Attila

BACKGROUNDProphylactic administration of valganciclovir (VG) is an accepted method for the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after kidney transplantation (KTx). The standard dosage of oral VG is 900 mg/day, adjusted to renal function. There is growing evidence that low-dose 450 mg/day VG might be safe and effective. We compared low-dose vs standard-dose prophylaxis after KTx in a single-center follow-up study.METHODSData from 603 renal transplantations at a single center were retrospectively analyzed (2011-2014, 12-month follow-up). Recipients with donor IgG positive-recipient IgG positive (D+/R+), (D+/R-), and (D-/R+) CMV serostatus were routinely treated with 450 mg/day VG for 3 months. Based on the same prophylactic dose, patients could be categorized into two groups according to their postoperative renal function: those receiving standard-dose VG due to a lower estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (average eGFR<60 mL/min/1.73 m²) and those receiving low-dose VG due to higher eGFR (average eGFR>60 mL/min/1.73 m²).RESULTSEstimated glomerular filtration rate-based VG serum alterations significantly affected the risk of CMV infection with a higher incidence in higher VG levels (standard-dose: 357 patients, CMV: 33 cases (9.2 %); low-dose: 246 patients, CMV: 10 cases (4.1%). The occurrence of known risk factors: serologic risk distribution and rate of induction therapy were not statistically different between the 2 groups. Treatment of an acute rejection episode influenced the infection rate significantly in the standard-dose group. As a side effect of prophylaxis, leucopenia (<3G/L) was 2.46 times higher in standard-dose vs low-dose group.CONCLUSIONLow-dose VG administration is safe and non-inferior to the standard dose in the prophylaxis of CMV infection after KTx.

100 Deals associated with Betamethasone Valerate/Gentamicin Sulfate

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Indication	Country/Location	Organization	Date
Dermatitis, Seborrheic	JP	Iwaki Seiyaku Co., Ltd.	08 Feb 1988
Keratoderma, Palmoplantar	JP	Iwaki Seiyaku Co., Ltd.	08 Feb 1988
Impetigo	JP	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	13 Jan 1975
Eczema	JP	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	31 Mar 1970
Psoriasis	JP	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	31 Mar 1970
Secondary infection	JP	Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd.	31 Mar 1970

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