A review.There is accelerating interest in the use of nonspecific immunostimulants or adjuvants as a means of enhancing or inducing nonspecific immunity.A further requirement for the development of successful therapeutic vaccines is the upregulation or induction of intrinsic innate immune defenses that have the capacity to destroy the infectious agent or tumor cell directly, or to synergize with existing cytotoxic or immunol. treatment regimens.This article discusses the potential of MIS416 adjuvant, a novel vaccine adjuvant and immunogen co-delivery system, to fulfill this requirement.