Queen Savang Vadhana Memorial Hospital

This study aims to determine the first-pass success rate in video laryngoscopy and other parameters that topical anesthesia can affect during intubation.

The objective of this clinical trial is to investigate if local anesthesia using topical analgesic drug (10% lidocaine spray) or cryo-analgesic (Ice pack) can reduce pain levels during and after arterial blood sampling procedure. The research questions of this study includes:
* Can local anesthesia using topical analgesic drug (10% lidocaine spray) or cryo-analgesic (Ice pack) reduce pain levels during arterial blood sampling?
* Is the first-attempt success rate of arterial blood sampling higher when using local anesthesia (lidocaine spray or ice pack) compared to standard practice without anesthesia?
* Do individuals with prior experience of arterial blood sampling report lower pain scores during and after the procedure compared to those without prior experience?

Surgical site infections (SSI) pose a common challenge in the field of surgery. Current evidence and literature do not provide clear consensus whether the use of subcutaneous drainage will help reduce the incidence of SSI in patients who underwent abdominal surgery, especially in wounds that are categorized as contaminated (class 3) or dirty/infected (class 4).
The objective of this clinical study is to compare the rate of surgical site infection in contaminated and dirty/infected surgical wounds among patients whose wounds are inserted with subcutaneous drainage and patients who are not inserted with subcutaneous drainage.