Skaggs Institute For Chemical Biology

New findings unexpectedly show that heroin, not its metabolites, is the best therapeutic target. A monoclonal antibody that targets heroin is effective in blocking the psychoactive and lethal effects of this drug of abuse in mice -- offering a new strategy for heroin addiction and overdose treatment, according to a new study from Scripps Research. In the study, published on October 6, 2022 in ACS Central Science, the researchers isolated several distinct variants (or "clones") of antibodies that bind tightly to heroin and its major metabolites. They found that one of these monoclonal antibodies was remarkably effective at blocking heroin's painkilling effect, as well as its effect in slowing breathing and heart rate -- the cause of overdose deaths. The results also suggested that heroin itself is the best target for such therapies, whereas researchers in the past have targeted heroin's two major metabolites, morphine and 6-acetylmorphine. The use of monoclonal antibodies is often called a "passive" vaccine strategy. Active vaccines against heroin, which use immune-stimulating proteins that mimic heroin or its metabolites to elicit the patient's own antibodies, have so far not been effective enough for clinical trials. "Our findings suggest that a monoclonal antibody-based therapy will be more effective than a vaccine and should be targeted to heroin itself rather than its psychoactive metabolites," says study senior author Kim Janda, PhD, the Ely R. Callaway, Jr. Professor of Chemistry, and director of the Worm Institute for Research & Medicine at Scripps Research. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated that there were roughly 108,000 drug overdose deaths in the country in 2021, a jump of nearly 15 percent from 2020's figure. The great majority of these deaths involved opioids such as heroin and fentanyl. Current treatments, which include the small-molecule drug naloxone, are far from being completely effective, and heroin-use relapse after treatment is common. In the new study, Janda and his team inoculated mice with their proprietary heroin-mimicking molecule that can elicit antibody responses to heroin, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine. This allowed them to select four distinct antibody clones for their superior abilities in binding heroin or one of the metabolites -- and they found that one clearly outperformed the rest. This antibody, 11D12, could not only block heroin's painkilling effects, but also protected mice from an otherwise lethal heroin overdose -- and could do so with a very high degree of potency, comparable to what would be needed in human clinical use. A single dose of 11D12 also circulated and remained active in mice for weeks, whereas traditional drug treatments typically disappear from the body within hours. That greater persistence can give antibody treatments a substantial advantage when patient compliance is an issue, as it generally is in treating addiction. Janda says it was unexpected that 11D12 would work so well, since unlike the other three antibodies the team evaluated, it has its highest binding affinity for the heroin molecule itself. Scientists for decades have believed that morphine and 6-acetylmorphine -- into which heroin is rapidly converted by enzymes in the blood -- were the better targets. "The focus on the metabolites basically misguided the field -- our report will reset research in a direction where successful clinical trials should now be achievable," Janda says. He and his team now hope to advance their monoclonal antibody approach against heroin by creating, and then testing, a human-antibody version of the mouse antibody 11D12. The team also has been developing, in parallel with their anti-heroin efforts, a human monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the synthetic opioids fentanyl, carfentanil and closely related compounds. This antibody has been manufactured in a biopharma manufacturing facility and is now poised for clinical trials. "Development of an effective monoclonal antibody against heroin and its metabolites reveals therapies have mistargeted 6-monoacetylmorphine and morphine over heroin" was co-authored by Jinny Claire Lee, Lisa M. Eubanks, Bin Zhou and Kim D. Janda. The research was supported by the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology and the Shadek Family Foundation.

A team of investigators at The Scripps Research Institute and its Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology in La Jolla, California has modified a form of the bacterium Escherichia coli to use a 22-amino acid genetic code. "We have demonstrated the simultaneous incorporation of two unnatural amino acids into the same polypeptide," says Professor Peter G. Schultz, Ph.D., who holds the Scripps Family Chair in Chemistry at Scripps Research. "Now that we know the genetic code is amenable to expansion to 22 amino acids, the next question is, how far can we take it?" In an upcoming issue of the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the team describes how they engineered this modified form of E. coli to make myoglobin proteins with 22 amino acids—incorporating the unnatural amino acids O-methyl-L-tyrosine and L-homoglutamine in addition to the naturally occurring 20.