Kafrelsheikh University

This study sought to ascertain if zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) could lessen the toxicity of azoxystrobin (AZ). This naturally occurring methoxyacrylate is one of the most often used fungicides in agriculture in male albino rats. Six sets of 60 mature male albino rats were randomly assigned: control (distilled water), Azoxystrobin formulation (AZOF), Azoxystrobin nano-formula (AZON), ZnNPs, AZOF + ZnNPs, and AZON + ZnNPs. Blood and tissues were obtained for further immunohistochemical, pathological, and biochemical examination. The results showed that exposure to AZOF and AZON significantly increased the levels of the oxidative stress indicators glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Additionally, AZOF significantly impacts liver function bioindicators, including aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. AZOF and AZON induced damage to the liver and kidney by disrupting vascular dilatation and causing hemorrhages, apoptosis, inflammatory lymphocytes, and necrosis. Furthermore, co-administration of ZnNPs with fungicides (AZOF and AZON) can gently enhance the alterations of oxidative stress and liver function bioindicators levels. These findings showed that ZnNPs could help male rats receiving AZ treat their histologically abnormal liver and kidney.

This study presents a very sensitive and eco-friendly synchronous spectrofluorimetric method for the simultaneous quantification of propofol (PRP) and nalbuphine (NAL) for the first time. The technique used the intrinsic fluorescence characteristics of the two drugs, providing enhanced sensitivity and specificity. The two drugs were assessed simultaneously at 217 nm and 281 nm for PRP and NAL, respectively, with a synchronous wavelength difference (Δλ) of 80 nm. The proposed method was validated according to ICH Q2 (R2) requirements, exhibiting satisfactory accuracy, precision, linearity, and selectivity within the designated concentration ranges. The concentrations exhibited linearity within the ranges of 15.0-300.0 ng/mL and 0.5-16.0 µg/mL, with detection limits of 2.67 ng/mL and 0.15 µg/mL for PRP and NAL, respectively. The developed approach, owing to its great sensitivity, was utilized to assess the examined drugs in human plasma samples. The results demonstrated good bioanalytical applicability, exhibiting high recovery percentages (98.40-101.70) and low relative standard deviation (%RSD) values (<1.66). The proposed method was applied to accurately analyze the cited drugs in their ampoule dosage forms with great selectivity. The MoGAPI and AGREE metricsdemonstrated the method's exceptional eco-friendliness and sustainability. Additionally, the BAGI tool was employed to assess the method's economic viability, applicability, and practicality. The three tools demonstrated the sustainability and feasibility of the developedapproach, as well as its appropriateness for the routine analysis of the examined drugs. The developed method represents the first analytical technique for the concurrent estimation of PRP and NAL without the necessity for toxic reagents, excessive organic solvents, or complicated instruments. The method is derivatization-free and does not require complicated sample treatment or lengthy extraction procedures. The suggested method's excellent sensitivity, simplicity, speed, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness make it appropriate for therapeutic drug monitoring of the studied drugs.

Soil salinity considerably limits agricultural production, thus harming food security worldwide. To evaluate the effects on barley yield in salt-affected soil, biochar (BC) and gypsum (GS) were applied individually and in combination. These soil amendments were further supplemented with various foliar treatments, including water misting, proline (Pr), iron (Fe), and silica (Si), applied alone or in different combinations over two consecutive growing seasons. The results showed that BC + GS treatment increased the plant height (13.71 %), spike length (20.61 %), biological yield (22.14 %), and grain yield (20.07 %) of barley. The application of BC + GS to soils increased the K% levels in barley grains during both seasons (23 % and 23.3 %, respectively) as compared to the control (CK). Additionally, BC + GS treatments resulted in an elevated K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in soil by 53.57 % and 58.62 % respectively during the two seasons. Similarly, combining foliar agents (Pr + Fe + Si) and BC + GS significantly improved the K% and K⁺/Na⁺ ratio in the soil. Notably, our study shows that BC + GS lowered the electrical conductivity of the saturation extract (ECe) and the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) in post-harvest soil relative to the pre-treatment values. The reduction in ECe and ESP is a key indicator of improved conditions in salt-affected soils, signaling lower salinity and sodicity. SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased to 1.8-2.21-fold and 1.76-2.29-fold, respectively, when BC + GS was combined with Pr + Fe + Si across both the seasons. Gene-expression analysis revealed up-regulation of sodium/proton exchangers (NHX1, NHX2) and the K⁺ transporter HAK1, which help to maintain ion and pH balance under salinity stress. Additionally, transcript levels of antioxidant enzymes (HvCAT1, HvSOD1, HvAPX, HvGR1, and HvGR2) increased, further mitigating salt-induced oxidative damage. BC + GS therefore mitigates salinity stress, enriches nutrient status and improves barley yield. Long-term, IoT-assisted field monitoring and genotype × treatment (G × T) trials can be helful to validate and optimise these benefits across diverse production environments particularly in adopting the mitigating strategies in salinity stressed barley.