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With the increasing use of fossil fuels, there is a strong demand to shift energy reliance toward biodiesel as a sustainable and alternative energy resource.The viability of producing biofuels by converting different raw materials, including rapeseed oil, palm oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, leftover cooking oil, waste frying oil, dairy scum, chicken fat, and others, has been the subject of a focused inquiry.Catalytic transesterifications have been popular methods for producing biodiesel due to their simplicity in operation, cost-effectiveness in com. exploitation, higher biodiesel productivity, and conversion efficiency.In industrial chem. processes, heterogeneous catalysts are widely exploited because they are easy to sep. from the final product and generally maintain their catalytic activity after being recycled repeatedly.Highly advanced heterogeneous catalysts, known as nanocatalysts, are frequently deployed to accelerate biodiesel production because of their remarkable catalytic activity.This review article examines the transesterification reactions facilitated by various nanocatalysts to explore their potential for promoting sustainable processes.Selected nanocatalysts are highlighted due to their exceptional catalytic efficiency and capacity to be reused.The conclusive summary discusses the numerous existing impediments in the production of biodiesel and proposes potential future research avenues in the utilization of advanced nanocatalysts.

01 Aug 2025·Natural Hazards Review

Machine Learning-Aided Performance-Based Optimal Design of Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Using NSGA-II

Author: Jeong, Seong-Hoon ; Bakhshinezhad, Sina ; Mansouri, Ehsan

01 Jul 2025·Industrial Crops and Products

Sustainable nano-therapeutic approaches using bio-based vanillic acid nanocomposites to enhance salinity tolerance and essential oil quality in Satureja hortensis

Author: Parvaneh, Azar ; Khoshkam, Maryam ; Razavi, Seyed Mehdi ; Khalofah, Ahlam

Vanillic acid (VA), a plant-derived antioxidant, effectively neutralizes reactive oxygen species during environmental stress.To enhance its delivery to summer savory or Satureja hortensis, VA-based nanocomposites (VANCs) were synthesized via the coacervation method.This study assessed the efficacy of VA and VANCs at 0.01 mg/mL on S. hortensis under varying salt concentrations (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM NaCl), representing one of the first investigations using VANCs to counteract salinity stress in edible herbs like savory.Salinity significantly reduced plant growth parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and gas exchange traits while increasing oxidative stress markers.VANCs demonstrated superior effectiveness compared to VA alone in mitigating salinity-induced stress.Under high salinity conditions, VANCs improved growth parameters, photosynthetic performance, and antioxidant enzyme activities more effectively than VA treatment.Both forms enhanced photosynthetic system parameters, with nanocomposites showing greater effectiveness.VANCs also outperformed VA in reducing stress indicators and improving osmoregulation under salinity stress.Anal. of essential oil composition revealed that VANCs were particularly effective in preserving or enhancing bioactive compound concentrations under stress conditions.These findings indicate that bio-based VA nanocomposites can act as an eco-friendly approach to improve crop salt tolerance and the quality of essential oils.They have significant implications for sustainable agriculture, offering an innovative approach to enhance crop resilience in salt-affected soils.The demonstrated effectiveness of VANCs could help maintain the productivity and medicinal properties of herbs and other economically important crops in increasingly saline agricultural environments, potentially contributing to food security in regions affected by soil salinity.

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