Nanjing University of Science & Technology

Achieving high-energy density remains a key objective for advanced energy storage systems. However, challenges, such as poor cathode conductivity, anode dendrite formation, polysulfide shuttling, and electrolyte degradation, continue to limit performance and stability. Molecular and ionic dipole interactions have emerged as an effective strategy to address these issues by regulating ionic transport, modulating solvation structures, optimizing interfacial chemistry, and enhancing charge transfer kinetics. These interactions also stabilize electrode interfaces, suppress side reactions, and mitigate anode corrosion, collectively improving the durability of high-energy batteries. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential to guide the design of next-generation battery materials. Herein, this review summarizes the development, classification, and advantages of dipole interactions in high-energy batteries. The roles of dipoles, including facilitating ion transport, controlling solvation dynamics, stabilizing the electric double layer, optimizing solid electrolyte interphase and cathode–electrolyte interface layers, and inhibiting parasitic reactions—are comprehensively discussed. Finally, perspectives on future research directions are proposed to advance dipole-enabled strategies for high-performance energy storage. This review aims to provide insights into the rational design of dipole-interactive systems and promote the progress of electrochemical energy storage technologies.

In carbon manufacturing emerging field, the escalating consumption of fossil fuels and the growing menace of the greenhouse effect have sparked significant interest in the efficient production of high-value carbon, such as graphene (Gr), using renewable biomass resources. This study presents a novel bio-inspired approach to synthesize bio-based graphene (BG) through pyrolysis, using microalgae as a biomass feedstock along with a catalyst. Three microalgae species were selected as raw materials for this process. Through parametric optimizations of the pyrolysis process, Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) is identified as the optimal biomass feedstock and determines that 600℃ yields biochar with the highest specific surface area (181 m² g^-1). Among the tested catalysts, only CaCl₂·2H₂O facilitates the formation of few-layer BG under 600℃. Increasing the catalyst-to-raw material mass ratio to 3:1 enables the successful synthesis of high-performance, multi-layered, or even local single-layer BG. The pyrolysis kinetic mechanism is analyzed by an Arrhenius model. Additionally, the texture profile analysis is employed to characterize the compressive strength of various carbon. Compared to commercial Gr, BG exhibit superior mechanical properties on machine direction (65.6 % strengthened in longitudinal direction) and enhanced anti-corrosion properties. This research demonstrates the feasibility of synthesizing BG via catalytic pyrolysis utilizing A. platensis as a biomass feedstock and validates their potential applications of mechanical input or ocean equipment surface through texture profile analysis (TPA) of mechanical, as well as, anti-corrosion properties.

In this study, pyrazole-fused heterocyclic N-nitroacetamide explosives 4-amino-7-nitramine-8-nitropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3-nitrocarbamoyl (2) and 4-amino-7,8-dinitropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3-nitrocarbamoyl (4) were synthesized through the nitration of cyano groups, featuring high energy and low sensitivity. Meanwhile, 7-amino-8-nitro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3-carbonitrile (6) (D_v = 8233 m s^-1 and T_d = 366 °C) and potassium (7-amino-8-nitro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-3-yl)methanamide (7) (D_v = 7573 m s^-1 and T_d = 369 °C) were synthesized via hydroxylation of the amino group in 4,7-diamino-8-nitropyrazolo[5,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3-carbonitrile (1). Both compounds 6 and 7 exhibit acceptable detonation velocity and high thermal stability. In comparison to previous N-nitroacetamide explosives, compound 2 has superior density and detonation performance (ρ = 1.94 g cm^-3, D_v = 9259 m s^-1, and D_p = 39.4 GPa), higher thermal stability, and lower sensitivity (T_d = 166 °C, IS = 18 J, and FS = 120 N). Meanwhile, 4 (8820 m s^-1) performs comparably to RDX (D_v = 8795 m s^-1) but has the highest thermal stability (T_d = 167 °C) and lowest sensitivity (IS = 23 J and FS = 144 N) compared to previous N-nitroacetamide explosives. The superior detonation performance and lower sensitivity of N-nitroacetamide explosive 2 thereby demonstrate its great potential as an alternative to HMX.