Duksung Women's University

Polydrug use is a growing concern in the forensic field due to its high risk of overdose and its significant impact on physical and psychological health. Hence, the development of methods for simultaneously analyzing multiple drugs in blood has become increasingly essential recently. The aim of this study is to develop a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for simultaneous detection of 195 drugs of abuse (DOAs), including amphetamines, opiates, cathinones, phencyclidines, synthetic cannabinoids, cocaine, and metabolites, in 100 μL of blood. Blood samples were extracted using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with acetonitrile containing 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid, and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was employed for the detection of 195 drugs and metabolites in a single run. The method was validated over a concentration range of 1-100 ng/mL for all target compounds, showing good linearity with a coefficient of determination (R²) greater than 0.99 for 193 compounds. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of target analytes ranged 0.1-10 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to 20 real blood samples, detecting 22 drugs of abuse and their metabolites, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 401.4 ng/mL. This developed method is expected to be highly applicable in the forensic or clinical field for the rapid detection of polydrug use.

A review.Quinolinium salts, a class of N-heteroaromatic cationic compounds, have recently emerged as versatile organic photocatalysts due to their excellent photophys. properties, including long fluorescence lifetimes, high quantum yields, and strong oxidative capabilities.This review highlights recent advances in the application of quinolinium-based photocatalysts to a variety of photocatalytic transformations, such as hydrogen generation, hydrogen peroxide formation, photooxygenation, and oxidative C-C bond formation, with particular emphasis on their relevance to green chem.Notably, the simple quinolinium derivative QuPh+-NA has been most frequently employed as a photocatalyst, exhibiting high reactivity and stability under visible or UV light irradiationWe provide a comprehensive overview of quinolinium salt-based photocatalysis, covering their structural characteristics, synthetic strategies, and mechanistic insights.Finally, we outline future directions for their development and application in sustainable chem. synthesis.

Developing plant-based high-moisture meat analogues (HMMA) with meat-like textures is challenging, particularly with pea protein, which comprises a weak protein network and poor fibrous alignment. This study examines kappa (κ) and iota (ι) carrageenan effects on protein interactions and structural development in HMMAs, hypothesising that the sulphate-group density influences protein denaturation, molecular alignment, and network stability. Structural, chemical, and textural analyses of HMMAs manufactured with κ- or ι-carrageenan (0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %) indicated that ι-carrageenan enhanced fibrous network formation by increasing disulfide bonding, β-sheet formation, and protein interactions, showing greater effects at higher concentrations, whereas κ-carrageenan primarily promoted ionic interactions, minimally affecting texture. These findings elucidate the ability to use sulphate-group variations for protein-structure modulation in HMMAs and underscore the importance of hydrocolloid selection in optimising plant-based meat analogues. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms will aid hydrocolloid selection for plant-based meat formulations, contributing towards fundamental protein-structure research and applied food technology.