Ziekenhuis Oost-Limburg, Autonome Verzorgingsinstelling

RATIONALE: Postoperative cognitive changes are common after cardiac surgery and can be categorised into three main types: postoperative delirium (POD), delayed neurocognitive recovery (DNCR) and postoperative neurocognitive disorder (PNCD). DNCR is diagnosed until postoperative day 30 and PNCD is diagnosed at least 30 days after the operation. Both conditions can be mild or major, and can affect the quality of life of these patients.
The incidence of PNCD in cardiac surgery is around 40%. Despite this high incidence, screening for PNCD is absent in current postoperative care since the diagnosis of PNCD is difficult and very time intensive. Furthermore, the underlying pathogenesis is incompletely understood.
The identification of a biomarker and/or validated short diagnostic instrument would be of paramount importance to easily identify patients at risk, or to diagnose patients with PNCD in order to identify therapeutical pathways for this disease.
OBJECTIVES: The main objective of this prospective clinical trial is to evaluate the performance of the short NPA and/or biochemical markers for the diagnosis of DNCR and PNCD in cardiac surgery patients aged 60 years or older.
STUDY DESIGN: Single-centre interventional observational study
STUDY INTERVENTIONS: Patients will undergo a neurophysiological assessment (NPA) pre-operatively and at two timepoints post-operatively, namely 6 (+/-1) days and 40 (+/- 10) days after surgery. During the stay at the intensive care unit, they will be screened daily for delirium, using the CAM-ICU and 3D-CAM.
To evaluate whether the development of DNCR or POD has an important effect on quality of recovery , the quality of recovery scale 15 (QOR-15), muscle strength (handgrip strength) and the Chalder fatigue score will be scored post-operative (postop day 1, 3 and 5). To evaluate whether PNCD has an effect on quality of live the EQ5D5L score will be measured at 40 (+/- 10) days after surgery, compared to preoperative values.
On several time points, blood samples will be drawn to measure markers of neuroinflammation. The time points will be preoperatively, at the moment of arrival on ICU, postoperative day 1, 2 and 3, if still on ICU. Two repeat blood sample will be taken at the moment of NPA performed after 6 (+/- 1) days and 40 (+/- 10) days after surgery, if the patient is willing (not obligatory).
STUDY POPULATION:
Patients aged 60 years or older who are scheduled for cardiac surgery.
Inclusion criteria:
* aged 60 years or older;
* scheduled for cardiac surgery.
Exclusion criteria:
* dementia, as diagnosed by a neurologist;
* urgent, not elective surgery.
MAIN STUDY ENDPOINTS:
Primary outcome PNCD defined as a decline of > 1 SD on > 2 tests in one or more cognitive domains or a decline of > 1 SD on total cognitive domain score.
Secondary outcomes Postoperative delirium - CAM-ICU will be evaluated twice daily (morning and evening) on every day when the patient is awake (not intubated) on the ICU. This is standard of care and is part of the routine clinical care in the hospital. Furthermore, once daily a 3D-CAM will be performed on day 1, 3 and 5.
Quality of recovery
* QOR-15, a validated measurement of quality of recovery in the short term postoperative recovery, will be evaluated pre-operatively and postoperatively day 1, 3 and 5.
* EQ5D5L, a validated measurement of quality of recovery in the long term postoperative recovery, will be evaluated preoperatively and at the moment of the third NPA measurement.
* Postoperative muscle function (upper extremity, by hand grip strength) on day 1, 3 and 5 after surgery and at the moment of the second and third NPA measurement (being day 6 (+/-1) and day 40 (+/-10) postoperatively), as compared to preoperative values.
* Chalder Fatigue questionnaire on day 1, 3 and day 5 and on the second and third NPA measurement, as compared to preoperative.
Biochemical analysis
- Blood samples will be drawn for analysis before induction of anaesthesia (preoperatively), at the end of the operation (immediately postoperatively on arrival in ICU), on day 1, 2 and 3 postoperatively (if still at the ICU) and at the time of the postoperative follow-up visits with the NPA testing (day 6 (+/-1) and day 40 (+/-10) days post-surgery).
At each time point, markers of neuroinflammation and -degeneration will be determined.
Tertiary outcomes
* Length of CPB
* Duration of mechanical ventilation
* Administered anaesthetic drugs during surgery
* Transfusion need
* Length of ICU stay (days)
* Length of in-hospital stay (days)
* Readmission to ICU or hospital within 28 days after surgery
* Cardiovascular outcome: atrial fibrillation, , thrombo-embolic events, myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, cardiac death
* Pulmonary outcome: postoperative pulmonary complications, postoperative pneumonia, postoperative respiratory failure
* Postoperative infection within 28 days after surgery

The goal of this clinical trial is to verify the opportunistic screening potential of the AI software for detection of brain UIA on routinely performed brain NECT scans in a prospective setting in the Belgian population.
The main question the study aims to answer is: Does the AI algorithm has potential to be used as clinical screening potential for detection of brain anerysms on brain NECT scans?
The performance and the clinical use of the AI algorithm will be measured based on the number of aneurysms detected by the software compared to the number of aneurysms confirmed by review of a radiologist compared to the number of aneurysms already known by review of the electronic patient file.
Participants will be followed-up following Standard-of-Care (SoC). In addition, participants will be requested to complete a questionnaire (the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire).

Several centers in Belgium use both transvaginal ultrasound (TVS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the preoperative diagnosis of deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE), while other centers rely almost exclusively on TVS. From the perspective of both the patient and the endometriosis care team, it is not primarily important that every individual lesion is mapped perfectly preoperatively, but rather that all lesions impacting clinical management and surgical planning are accurately detected. This is particularly crucial when a multidisciplinary approach is required, involving a urologist for bladder lesions and/or an abdominal surgeon for invasive rectosigmoid lesions. Moreover, providing the patient with thorough preoperative counseling is essential, and this is, of course, determined by the preoperative findings and the type of planned surgical procedure.
In this study, we first assess the diagnostic performance of TVS in the preoperative diagnosis of DIE. As a secondary objective, we evaluate the added value of MRI compared to TVS for preoperative surgical planning in patients who also underwent an MRI examination.