Istanbul Bilgi University

This study aims to evaluate the effects of online Therapeutic Neuroscience Education (TNE) combined with a 6-week conventional physiotherapy program on pain, disability, kinesiophobia, functionality, treatment expectations, and satisfaction in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The goal is to improve participants' understanding of chronic pain, reduce fear and avoidance behaviors, enhance movement and functionality, and increase treatment satisfaction. The study also seeks to provide a lasting educational resource.
TNE focuses on educating patients about pain neurophysiology, aiming to reduce pain, improve function, and shift perceptions about pain through interactive sessions involving diagrams, metaphors, and examples. Despite evidence supporting TNE's effectiveness for chronic pain conditions, no studies have evaluated its online application or long-term effects.
The study will include 60 volunteers with CLBP (ages 20-60), randomized into two groups: one receiving conventional physiotherapy and online TNE, and the other receiving conventional treatment alone. The TNE group will participate in six weekly 45-minute online sessions, covering topics like pain neurophysiology, biopsychosocial factors, and pain coping strategies, without addressing anatomical or emotional aspects.
Educational materials, including resources adapted from "Why You Hurt" will be presented to the TNE group. Conventional physiotherapy includes hot packs, ultrasound, TENS, and home exercises for both groups.
Clinical outcomes will be assessed by a blinded researcher at multiple time points using tools such as pain and disability scales, kinesiophobia measures, functional tests, and questionnaires on treatment expectations and satisfaction. The study is significant for its innovative approach in examining the clinical and long-term effectiveness of online TNE as part of CLBP management.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating and progressive neurological disease of the central nervous system, often seen between the ages of 20-30. Pain is a very common symptom in people with MS, with a prevalence of 63%. Pain in MS is a symptom that negatively affects individuals' fatigue, anxiety and depression levels, quality of life and sleep quality. In addition, chronic pain affects individuals' autonomic and cognitive functions. Music therapy is defined as the systematic use of music in a therapeutic relationship that aims to improve, maintain and develop emotional, physical and mental health. Music therapy protocols synchronized with heart rate can be effective on chronic pain through the regulation of the autonomic nervous system and activation of the parasympathetic nervous system. Studies indicate that music therapy, regardless of the population applied, is effective in the management of symptoms such as pain, depression and anxiety. Motor imagery training is a method that regulates cerebral cortex activity by exposing the brain to visual information and imagination, reduces abnormal cortical activation, and thus restores the brain's ability to change. Research indicates that the most effective motor imagery training in reducing pain is motor imagery training presented in a protocol graded from simple to complex motor tasks.
The grading principle applied in motor imagery training in the form of imagining movements from simple to complex and music therapy training presented in a rhythm matched with heart rate rhythm are effective approaches on chronic pain. It is thought that the treatment protocol in which these two methods are combined and their therapeutic effects are combined in MS rehabilitation may be more effective on pain and related factors in MS. The aim of the study is to show the effects of telerehabilitation-based heart rate-synchronized music therapy protocols on pain, heart rate, fatigue, anxiety, depression, quality of life, sleep quality, and information processing speed compared to MS individuals who continue their routine treatments.
45 MS people with chronic pain will be included in the planned randomized controlled trial. The included participants will be randomized into 3 groups with 15 participants in each group. The evaluations will be performed three times before treatment, at 8th (post-treatment evaluation) and 12th weeks (follow-up evaluation). The participants' general pain intensity in the last 2 and 7 days, the presence of neuropathic pain, fatigue level, anxiety and depression levels, sleep quality, health-related quality of life and information processing speed will be evaluated. In addition, heart rate variability will be evaluated in order to evaluate the participants' autonomic functions. Telerehabilitation-based music therapy application will be given to the participants 2 days a week for 8 weeks using a videoconferencing platform under the guidance of a physiotherapist. The heart rates of the participants will be monitored throughout the session. The participants included in the first group will visualize the movements presented with the metronome sound in a rhythm matched to their heart rates, while the participants included in the second group will listen to relaxing/relaxing music without lyrics in a rhythm matched to their heart rates. When synchronization is achieved between the music rhythm and the heart rate in both groups, the music rhythm will be reduced. Participants included in the 3rd group will continue their routine treatment and will be evaluated only three times: at the beginning, after the 8th week and after the 12th week. The results obtained from this study will examine the effects of heart rate synchronized music therapy protocols on pain, autonomic function and psychosocial parameters in individuals with chronic pain and MS.

The Generic Functional Index is a scale developed to assess the general functional status of individuals. This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Generic Functional Index. The adaptation process was designed to follow a standardized translation protocol, including forward translation, expert committee review, back-translation, pilot testing, and psychometric analyses. Data will be collected from individuals with musculoskeletal problems. Psychometric testing will include test-retest reliability, internal consistency, and construct validity analyses.
The main hypotheses of this study are as follows:
1. The Turkish version of the Generic Functional Index will demonstrate high test-retest reliability when administered to individuals with musculoskeletal disorders.
2. The scores of the Turkish version of the Generic Functional Index will show a significant positive correlation with the scores of the Functional Independence Measure in individuals with musculoskeletal disorders.