The University of Lahore

To evaluate and synthesize the available evidence on mandibular symphysis dimensions across different sagittal and vertical craniofacial skeletal patterns.

Eligibility criteria: cross sectional studies comparing mandibular symphysis dimensions among individuals with different sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns.

unrestricted literature search of six databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACs, Cochrane and Google Scholar) was conducted up to April 2025 without language restriction. Risk of bias: the quality assessment of the included studies was conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute tool.

class III subjects showed significantly greater symphysis area (MD=2.37[1.33, 3.41]), height (MD=0.75[0.27, 1.22]), and convexity (MD=3.59[0.69, 6.49]) compared to Class I. Hyperdivergent individuals had increased symphysis height (MD=1.31[0.53, 2.1]) and reduced width (MD=-1.25[-2.37,-0.12]), while hypodivergent individuals showed reduced height (MD=-0.68[-1.34,-0.03]) and increased width (MD=1.42[0.41, 2.42]). Subgroup analyses revealed ethnicity and risk of bias as significant modifiers, particularly in Class II and vertical pattern comparisons. No significant publication bias was detected.

Included studies: twenty-three cross-sectional studies involving 3313 participants (40.35% male) were included.

Limitations of evidence: the inclusion of mostly retrospective studies, presence of growing individuals, inadequate control for confounders, inconsistent age and sex reporting, and limited outcome data restricted the strength and scope of the meta-analysis.

symphysis dimensions vary by skeletal pattern, with vertical growth type showing stronger associations than sagittal class.

PROPSERO (CRD420251049382).

Geranyl acetate, a compound found in plant oils, has been studied for its potential effects on renal and cardiovascular ailments.

This study aimed to investigate the diuretic and anti-hyperuricemic properties of geranyl acetate in male Wistar rats using a hyperuricemia-induced rat model.

Molecular docking studies were conducted to assess geranyl acetate's interactions with various targets. in vitro studies were performed to evaluate its scavenging ability and inhibition of xanthine oxidase, urease, and acetylcholinesterase. Subsequently, we administered different doses of geranyl acetate (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and a reference drug (furosemide) to the rats to assess their acute and repeated dose diuretic effects over seven days. To understand the diuretic mechanism, we used inhibitors, such as L-- NAME, indomethacin, and atropine, prior to administering geranyl acetate. We also tested the anti-hyperuricemic potential of geranyl acetate on hyperuricemic rats.

Molecular docking suggested strong binding between geranyl acetate and nitric oxide synthase. in vitro studies showed significant free radical scavenging activity and and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, xanthine oxidase, and urease. The 100 mg/kg dose exhibited the most promising diuretic effects, with nitric oxide appearing to influence its action. Uric acid excretion increased at this dose, resembling allopurinol effects.

Geranyl acetate has demonstrated significant diuretic and anti-hyperuricemic effects, likely influenced by nitric oxide release and inhibition of enzymes, like xanthine oxidase and urease. The findings have suggested potential benefits for individuals with kidney ailments, hypertension, and gout.

Metal pollution poses a significant ecological and public health concern due to its persistence, non-biodegradability, and potential for biomagnification through aquatic food webs. This study investigated the influence of feeding zones and seasonal variations on metal bioaccumulation in six fish species (Sperata seenghala, Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Hypophthalmichthys nobilis, Catla catla, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), collected seasonally (December 2023-November 2024) from the Jinnah Barrage on the Indus River, Pakistan, using different nets. Concentrations of Pb, Cd, Ni, Cr, Zn, and Hg were analyzed in fish muscle, water, and sediment using ICP-MS and CV-AAS. Statistical analyses, including two-way ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), were used to evaluate the effects of season and feeding zone on metal accumulation patterns. Results revealed that the bottom feeders accumulated significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr than column and surface feeders, reflecting greater sediment exposure. Concentrations of Pb and Cd exceeded the WHO/FAO permissible limits in all seasons across different feeding zones, while Cr levels were higher during winter, spring, and autumn in bottom-feeding species. Seasonal variations were also significant (p < 0.05), with metal levels in fish peaking during winter and autumn and declining in summer. In contrast, water and sediment exhibited the highest metal concentrations during summer, likely due to low flow and higher metal retention in fish during colder months. PCA revealed apparent seasonal clustering between biotic and abiotic compartments. Bioconcentration factors were highest for Hg and Cr, particularly in bottom feeders during summer. Health risk assessment showed Hazard Index (HI) > 1 in winter and autumn for several species (mainly due to Hg, Pb, and Cd), with children at highest risk. The findings revealed that both feeding habits and seasonal conditions regulate metal accumulation in fish, necessitating ongoing monitoring and mitigation strategies for consumer safety.