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Although identifying human skin types is essential in dermatology, cosmetology, and facial recognition, the classification of human skin types is challenging due to the complex nature, varied characteristics, and the influence of external factors. Traditional methods for skin type identification often rely on subjective assessments, leading to inconsistent and inaccurate results. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel method named a distance-based integration method to identify skin types based on the Fitzpatrick skin scale, also known as the Fitzpatrick skin type. This study focuses on the objective distance measurement, integrated with the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The objective distance was utilized to determine the distance between each HEX color code for a clinical image and each target skin type. The Fuzzy AHP algorithm was employed to calculate the total score for each target class to identify human skin type. For this study, 1,022 images of human skin were used in the experiment. The results indicated that the proposed method achieved a high average accuracy of 93 %, precision of 80 %, and specificity of 96 %.

09 Jul 2024·Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy

Population pharmacokinetics of ravidasvir in adults with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and impact of antiretroviral treatment

Article

Author: Salvadori, Nicolas ; Cressey, Tim R. ; Thongsawat, Satawat ; Swanson, Alistair ; Ribeiro, Isabela ; Tan, Soek-Siam ; Thanprasertsuk, Sombat ; Panjasawatwong, Navarat ; Gillon, Jean-Yves ; Menétrey, Caroline ; Avihingsanon, Anchalee

ABSTRACTRavidasvir (RDV) is a novel NS5A inhibitor that exhibits potent pan-genotypic inhibition of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication. Sofosbuvir (SOF) plus RDV was demonstrated to be efficacious and safe in adults with active HCV infection, including those living with HIV (LWHIV), in the STORM-C-1 trial. We assessed the population pharmacokinetics (PK) of RDV in a sub-study nested within STORM-C-1 conducted in Thailand and Malaysia. SOF (400 mg) plus RDV (200 mg) was administered orally once daily for 12 weeks to adults with chronic HCV infection, but without cirrhosis and for 24 weeks to those with compensated cirrhosis. Intensive and sparse PK samples were collected at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after treatment initiation. Population PK parameters of RDV and the impact of covariates were evaluated using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Five hundred ninety-four participants were included, 235 (40%) had compensated cirrhosis, and 189 (32%) were LWHIV. RDV plasma concentrations were best described by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination. Oral clearance (CL/F) and volume of distribution (Vd/F) parameters were allometrically scaled on fat-free mass. Concomitant antiretroviral treatment (ART) increased RDV CL/F by 30%–60%, with efavirenz-based ART having the largest impact. Females had 16% lower RDV CL/F than males, and higher albumin levels reduced RDV central volume of distribution. While several covariates impact RDV CL/F and Vd/F, the effect on RDV exposures was not clinically relevant based on the efficacy data reported in this diverse Asian adult population. There were no meaningful drug-drug interactions in adults LWHIV on ART.

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