Tribhuvan University

Summary of the Study Childbirth is one of the most significant and complex experiences in any mother's life. According to a study, labour pain ranges from mild to severe and is felt throughout the body, particularly in the lower abdomen, vagina, and around the waist. The mean pain perception of the prurient as assessed by the Visual Analog scale (VAS) was 7.0 with a range of 1.2-10.0. In a study, 50% of parturients rated labour pain as severe (VAS > 7.1). The majority of the respondents 86.4% desired some form of pain relief. Pain relief during labor is a crucial component of the labor process. Non-drug techniques for alleviating labor pain focus on psychological and physical discomfort elements. A study in Panjab was performed to assess the effectiveness of heat therapy on the lower back among women in labor pain during the first stage of labor and found that heat therapy reduces the severity of pain in the first stage of labor. A study performed in India found that intermittent heat and cold therapy successfully shorten the first and second stages of labor's duration and pain. The purpose of the study is to compare the impact of intermittent heat and cold therapy with heat-only therapy on comfort and duration of labor among primigravida women at a Bharatpur hospital in Nepal.
A quantitative research approach will be adopted and the research design will be a true experimental pretest posttest design. It will be conducted among 150 low-risk primigravida women aged 20 to 35 years with a gestation of 37-41 weeks of pregnancy admitted to the maternity of Bharatpur Hospital, Chitwan Nepal who are anticipated to deliver spontaneously. The participants will be divided into 50 in each 3 groups. One group will receive intermittent heat and cold therapy, another group will receive heat-only therapy and one group will be the control group. The tool will be a standard tool which are Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Childbirth Comfort Questionnaire (CCQ). All the ethical clearance will be obtained before collecting data from Sharda University, Nepal Health Research Council, and Bharatpur Hospital. Informed consent will be taken from all the participants and their rights, privacy, confidentiality, and comfort will be maintained. The participants can withdraw from the study at any time without giving any explanation. The data will be organized and entered into Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16 for analysis. The data will be analyzed according to the objectives of the study by using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Inhaling respirable silica increases the risk for silicosis, an incurable and debilitating lung disease. In South Asia, one high-risk industry is brick manufacturing, where more than 4 million manual laborers mold bricks by hand. In Nepal, brick manufacturing employs over 200,000 workers across 1,200 registered brick kilns. These workers are exposed to respirable silica concentrations 1.4 to 6.6 times higher than the limits set by the U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Preventing silicosis is paramount, as the average brick kiln worker cannot afford medical care and only 6.8% receive regular health checks. Few studies have evaluated interventions in brick kiln workers to reduce silica exposure and prevent silicosis.
One promising intervention involves providing workers who are exposed to silica above the permissible exposure limit with personal protective equipment (PPE), specifically respirators. When properly used, respirators decrease silica inhalation and the risk of silicosis. Brick kiln workers in Nepal do not use any PPE. Several studies have explored PPE barriers and have evaluated the feasibility of implementing PPE but to date none have been conducted in Nepali brick kiln workers. To close this gap, the goal of this research is a human-centered design approach to develop and pilot a PPE training program in one brick kiln in Nepal guided by the Discover, Design, Build, and Test (DDBT) framework.
This research is necessary to understand the Nepali context and to efficiently develop appropriate and feasible PPE intervention components that will be trialed in future research.

Double J (DJ) Stenting is a commonly done procedure in endourology to ensure ureteric patency following Urological Interventions. DJ stents are available in various sizes. This study is focused on comparing two different sizes of DJ Stents, one standard sized 6Fr and other small sized 4Fr. DJ stents are uncomfortable to the patients and few studies have indicated that small size of stents are might be less troublesome. Through this study we plan to establish a relation between different symptoms and size of DJ stents. Study will be conducted at Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH),Maharajgunj.All adults with sterile urine culture prior to stenting will be taken into consideration. Informed consent will be taken and two randomized groups of 6Fr and 4Fr will be formed and data entry done in MS Excel and analysis done by SPSS. The study is expected to take duration of 12months. Ureteral Stent Symptom Questionnaire (USSQ) will evaluate the symptoms on third day and seventh day of stent placement and on Day of stent removal. We expect 4Fr stent to be superior to 6Fr for reduction of stent related symptoms.