Ningxia University

Natural enzymes face challenges such as susceptibility to denaturation and inactivation, high production costs, and low yields, limiting their widespread use. Nanozyme, as a novel artificial enzyme, have developed a new promising research field due to their good catalytic activity, high stability, tunable enzyme-like activity, and improvement of natural enzyme drawbacks. They play a crucial role in detecting substances such as glucose, pathogens, heavy metals, and others in food analysis. In this review, the enzyme-like activity and catalytic mechanism of nanozymes are firstly introduced; followed by summarizing the methods for controlling the catalytic activity of nanozymes and their methods to achieve signal amplification. Immediately after that, the nanomaterials used for the preparation of nanozymes and the preparation methods of nanozymes are summarized. Additionally, given the rapid advancements in nanozymes research, this paper also explores various types of nanozyme-based biosensors and their applications in food analysis. Finally, underlying challenges and future perspectives of nanozymes are discussed in this review.

Ketosis is a common metabolic disease in high-yield dairy cows. Key genes affecting ketosis need to be further explored by new methods. The gene expression profiling and clinical data of GSE92398, GSE104079, and GSE4304 were obtained from the gene expression omnibus (GEO) database. Core modules and genes associated with RFI (residual feed intake) and ADF (alternate day fasting) were identified by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Subsequently, the key genes related to ketosis and RFI were determined by protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, ROC curves, functional enrichment, and differential expression analysis, respectively. The results showed that the genes of ACACA, ELOVL6 and XPO7 could be used as regulators of ketosis induced by low feed intake in dairy cows. At the same time, three genes (HRFI, STAT3 and IFNAR1) were retained as additional RFI biomarkers that could be considered. We identified three key factors as candidate genes and biomarkers of ketosis and RFI, respectively. These factors may provide a theoretical basis for targeted therapy of ketosis in dairy cows.

The histidine phosphotransfer proteins (AHP) plays a pivotal role in the cytokinin signal transduction pathway, which is vital for plant growth, development, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite its importance, the AHP genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) have not been characterized until now. In this study, we utilized bioinformatics analysis, transcriptome sequencing, and qRT-PCR to explore the AHP gene family in soybean. We identified 17 AHP gene members unevenly distributed across nine chromosomes, with all AHP proteins classified into four types based on their motifs and gene structures. Phylogenetic analysis and conserved protein motifs revealed strong homology and conservation between soybean and Arabidopsis AHP family members. Collinearity analysis suggested that segmental duplication events were the primary mechanism for the expansion of the soybean AHP family. Tissue-specific expression analysis indicated that most AHP family genes were highly expressed in soybean roots. Transcript profiles and qRT-PCR data demonstrated that many GmAHP genes were significantly up-regulated in response to salt stress, particularly GmAHP10. Overexpression of GmAHP10 in soybean hairy roots significantly promoted root system development and enhanced salt tolerance. Further physiological analyses revealed that overexpression of GmAHP10 significantly reduced H₂O₂ and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by increasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT), as well as elevating proline concentration compared to controls. These findings provide a foundation for understanding the biological roles of GmAHP genes in soybean growth, development, and response to salt stress.