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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrinological disorder that involves dysfunctions across multiple endocrine axes, including the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG), hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axes. Our review focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of PCOS through an endocrinological perspective, emphasizing the complex interactions between multiple endocrine axes. We have discussed the roles of the HPG, HPA, and HPT axes in PCOS. Dysregulation of the HPG axis, particularly the altered gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse frequency resulting in elevated ratio of luteinizing hormone to follicle stimulating hormone, is central to the hyperandrogenism and anovulation, observed in PCOS. We have further highlighted the contributions of the HPA and HPT axes, where elevated adrenal androgen levels and hypothyroidism intensifies the phenotypes of PCOS. Additionally, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia, commonly associated with PCOS, aggravates hormonal disturbances and heighten the risk of metabolic complications such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Elevated levels of anti-Müllerian hormone have also been emphasized as a key factor in inhibiting follicular growth, leading to impaired ovarian function and hyperandrogenism. This review further supports that PCOS is a multifactorial condition involving complex feedback mechanisms between the endocrine, metabolic, and reproductive systems. Furthermore, there remains a huge scope for deciphering the precise molecular interactions between the HPG, HPA, and HPT axes in PCOS, which could pave the way for targeted therapies for better management of both the endocrine and metabolic aspects of this disorder. This review will benefit researchers to get an endocrine perspective on PCOS.

03 Apr 2025·Acta Chromatographica

Improvised TLC and conceptualization of coordinate position: A notion for qualitative profiling of complex herbal formulations

Author: Hazra, Kalyan ; Kumar, Deepak ; Babu, Gajji ; Meena, Ajay Kumar ; Dutta, Sreya ; Subhose, V.

AbstractSince the last few decades, the TLC has been an essential tool in the standardization and quality control of herbal medicines. Often, the traditional Thin Layer Chromatographic (t-TLC) profiling is inadequate in separating and identifying the huge numbers of phytochemicals present therein. A simple t-TLC is unable to accommodate or separate such large numbers of spots or bands on a plate. The present investigation has tried to adopt multidimensional and multiple development methods in combination to separate 21 phytochemicals and to generate a decisive chromatographic fingerprint of the sample. The most exciting point is that the qualitative profile generated here is highly reproducible for 19 phytocompounds. The limitations of traditional TLC in separating and identifying were overcome by the present investigation. The output of the present study may be an example of creating herboprint, which is generic and conclusive in the qualitative identification of complex herbal formulations. The most significant output of this work is that the presence or absence of any herb in a polyherbal formulation can easily be detected. It generates a unique herboprint, which can be referred as an authentic chromatographic fingerprint of the complex formulation. The concept adopted here is not new in the domain of TLC, but here maximized improvisation has been imposed in the field of herbs and herbal formulations. Significantly, a concept of coordinate position(s) which has been introduced is more rational than Rf value(s) for qualitative profiling in multidimensional development.

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